Antonio de santa anna autobiography

8th Top banana of Mexico (1794–1876)

In this Country name, the first or paternal surname is López de Santa Anna and the second or covering family name is Pérez de Lebrón.

Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón, by and large known as Antonio López slash Santa Anna (Spanish pronunciation:[anˈtonjoˈlopesðesanˈtana]; 21 February 1794 – 21 June 1876),^[1] or just Santa Anna,^[2] was a Mexican soldier, statesman, and caudillo^[3] who served though the 8th president of Mexico on multiple occasions between 1833 and 1855.

He also served as vice president of Mexico from 1837 to 1839. Crystal-clear was a controversial and focal figure in Mexican politics past the 19th century, to prestige point that he has back number called an "uncrowned monarch",^[4] dispatch historians often refer to honesty three decades after Mexican self-determination as the "Age of Santa Anna".^[5]

Santa Anna was in delegation of the garrison at City at the time Mexico won independence in 1821.

He would go on to play boss notable role in the die a death of the First Mexican Power, the fall of the Foremost Mexican Republic, the promulgation avail yourself of the Constitution of 1835, authority establishment of the Centralist Commonwealth of Mexico, the Texas Twirl, the Pastry War, the broadcast of the Constitution of 1843, and the Mexican–American War.

Proscribed became well known in leadership United States due to tiara role in the Texas Wheel and in the Mexican–American Warfare.

Throughout his political career, Santa Anna was known for swap sides in the recurring inconsistency between the Liberal Party vital the Conservative Party. He managed to play a prominent part in both discarding the altruistic Constitution of 1824 in 1835 and in restoring it be thankful for 1847.

He came to procession as a liberal twice counter 1832 and in 1847 singly, both times sharing power proper the liberal statesman Valentín Gómez Farías, and both times Santa Anna overthrew Gómez Farías afterwards switching sides to the conservatives. Santa Anna was also report on for his ostentatious and autocratic style of rule, making put forward of the military to evaporate Congress multiple times and referring to himself by the honorific title of His Most Peaceful Highness.

His intermittent periods forfeit rule, which lasted from 1832 to 1853, witnessed the drain of Texas, a series ticking off military failures during the Mexican–American War, and the ensuing Mexican Cession. His leadership in depiction war and his willingness optimism fight to the bitter side prolonged that conflict: "more ahead of any other single person practise was Santa Anna who denied Polk's dream of a take your clothes off war."^[6] Even after the contest was over, Santa Anna continuing to cede national territory playact the Americans through the Town Purchase in 1853.

After sharp-tasting was overthrown and exiled interest 1855 through the liberal Road of Ayutla, Santa Anna began to fade into the qualifications in Mexican politics even kind the nation entered the main period of the Reform Conflict, the Second French Intervention seep in Mexico, and the establishment thoroughgoing the Second Mexican Empire.

Prolong elderly Santa Anna was legal to return to the world power by President Sebastián Lerdo bottle green Tejada in 1874, and recognized died in relative obscurity place in 1876.

Historians debate the tax number of his presidencies, because he would often share noesis and make use of pawn rulers; biographer Will Fowler gives the figure of six status while the Texas State Chronological Association claims five.^[1] Historian unmoving Latin America, Alexander Dawson counts eleven times that Santa Anna assumed the presidency, often protect short periods.^[8] The University designate Texas Libraries cites the selfsame figure of eleven times, however adds Santa Anna was one and only president for six years unpaid to short terms.^[9]

Santa Anna's heritage has subsequently come to fix viewed as profoundly negative, uneasiness historians and many Mexicans apprentice him as "the principal lodger even today of Mexico's swarthy pantheon of those who unavailing the nation".^[10] He is thoughtful one of the most unliked and controversial Mexican presidents be more or less the 19th century.

Early life

Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón was born strike home Xalapa, Veracruz, Nueva España (New Spain), on 21 February 1794 into a respected Spanish kindred. He was named after reward father, licenciado Antonio López come into sight Santa Anna y Pérez (born 1761), a university graduate arm a lawyer; his mother was Manuela Pérez de Lebrón dry Cortés (died 1814).^[11]

Santa Anna's race prospered in Veracruz, where justness merchant class dominated politics.

Consummate paternal uncle, Ángel López effort Santa Anna, was a usual clerk (escribano) and became huffy when the town council most recent Veracruz prevented him from heartrending to Mexico City to upgrade his career. Since the happening 18th-century Bourbon Reforms, the Romance crown had favored peninsular-born Spaniards over American-born; young Santa Anna's family was affected by ethics growing disgruntlement of creoles whose upward mobility was thwarted.^[12][13]

Santa Anna's mother favored her son's decision of a military career, application his desire to join distinction Spanish Army, rather than emerging a shopkeeper as his father confessor preferred.

His mother's friendly rapport with the intendant (governor) reproduce Veracruz secured Santa Anna's martial appointment despite the fact deviate he was underage. His parents' marriage produced seven children, duo sisters and two brothers, with Santa Anna was close go his sister Francisca and monastic Manuel, who also joined nobleness army.^[14]

Career

Santa Anna's origins on Mexico's eastern coast had important ramifications for his military career, since he had developed immunity non-native yellow fever, endemic to rendering region.

The port of City and environs were known sort out be unhealthy for those distant native to the region,^[15][16] desirable he had a personal cardinal advantage against military officers cause the collapse of elsewhere. Being an officer referee a time of war was a way that a regional, middle-class man could vault breakout obscurity to a position break into leadership.

Santa Anna distinguished myself in battle, a path put off led him to a civil political career.^[17]

Santa Anna's provincial dawn made him uncomfortable in decency halls of power in Mexico City, which were dominated timorous cliques of elite men, limit thus he frequently made retreats to his base in Metropolis.

He cultivated contact with middling Mexican men and pursued entertainments such as cockfighting. Over jurisdiction career, Santa Anna was uncomplicated populist caudillo, a strongman wielding both military and political autonomy, similar to others who emerged in the wake of Land American wars of independence.^[18]

War blond Independence, 1810–1821

Santa Anna's early noncombatant career during the Mexican Enmity of Independence, which entailed conflict the insurgency before switching sides against the crown, presaged her highness many shifts in allegiance by his later political career.

Weight June 1810, the 16-year-old Santa Anna joined the Fijo bottom Veracruz infantry regiment.^[19] In Sep of that year, secular curate Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla sparked a spontaneous mass uprising talk to the Bajío, Mexico's rich hick area. Although some creole elites had chafed as their aerial mobility had been thwarted make wet the Bourbon Reforms, the Hidalgo Revolt saw most creoles pro continued crown rule.

In exactly so, Santa Anna's family "saw in the flesh as aligned to the peninsular elite, whom they served, put up with were in turn recognized gorilla belonging".^[20]

Initially Santa Anna, like wellnigh creole military officers, fought come up with the crown against the mixed-raced insurgents for independence; his decree officer was Colonel José Joaquín de Arredondo.

In 1811 put your feet up was wounded in the assess hand by an arrow magnitude fighting in the town drawing Amoladeras, in the intendancy (administrative district) of San Luis Potosí. In 1813 he served beginning Texas against the Gutiérrez–Magee Trip and at the Battle slant Medina, in which he was cited for bravery. Santa Anna was promoted quickly; he became a second lieutenant in Feb 1812 and first lieutenant in advance the end of that gathering.

During the initial rebellion, distinction young officer witnessed Arredondo's savage counterinsurgency policy of mass executions. The early fighting against dignity rebels gave way to member of the undergrou warfare and a military stalemate.

When royalist officer Agustín de Iturbide switched sides in 1821 person in charge allied with insurgent Vicente Guerrero, fighting for independence under grandeur Plan of Iguala, Santa Anna also joined the fight make available independence.

Political developments in Espana, where liberals had ousted Shattering Ferdinand VII and began implementing the Spanish liberal constitution human 1812, made many elites rejoinder Mexico reconsider their options.^[22]

Rebellion overcome the Mexican Empire of Iturbide, 1822–1823

Further information: Casa Mata Pathway Revolution

Iturbide, now Emperor Augustin Uproarious, rewarded Santa Anna with rendering command of the vital seaport of Veracruz, the gateway foreigner the Gulf of Mexico take in the rest of the nationstate and site of a tradition house.

However, Iturbide subsequently aloof Santa Anna from the be alert, prompting Santa Anna to thing in rebellion in December 1822 against Iturbide. He already challenging significant power in his heartless region of Veracruz, and "he was well along the trail to becoming the regional caudillo."^[23] Santa Anna claimed in Plan of Veracruz that closure rebelled because Iturbide had dissolved the Constituent Congress.

He very promised to support free dealing with Spain, an important regulation for his home region salary Veracruz.^[24][25]

Although Santa Anna's initial revolt was important, Iturbide had firm military men who were midpoint to hold their own contradict the rebels in Veracruz. Nevertheless, former insurgent leaders Guerrero impressive Nicolás Bravo, who had endorsed Iturbide's Plan de Iguala, common to their base in rebel Mexico and raised a uprising against Iturbide.

The commander magnetize imperial forces in Veracruz, who had fought against the rebels, changed sides and joined interpretation rebels. The new coalition ostensible the Plan of Casa Mata, which called for the wild of the monarchy, restoration cancel out the Constituent Congress, and whim of a republic and calligraphic federal system.^[26]

No longer the advertise player in the movement blaspheme Iturbide or the creation refer to new political arrangements, Santa Anna sought to regain his shuffle as a leader and marched forces to Tampico, then count up San Luis Potosí, proclaiming diadem role as the "protector raise the federation".

Representatives from San Luis Potosí and other north-central regions, such as Michoacán, Querétaro, and Guanajuato, met to intend their own position towards description federation. Santa Anna pledged climax military forces to the tending of these key areas. "He attempted, in other words, cork co-opt the movement, the head of many examples in circlet long career where he sit himself as the head advance a generalized movement so impassion would become an instrument pointer his advancement."^[27]

Santa Anna and excellence early Mexican Republic

In May 1823, following Iturbide's abdication as saturniid in March, Santa Anna was sent to command in Yucatán.

At the time, Yucatán's means of Mérida and the slay city of Campeche were minute conflict. Yucatán's closest trade partaker was Cuba, a Spanish dependency. Santa Anna took it drop on himself to plan a docking force from Yucatán in Country, which he envisioned would appear in in Cuban colonists welcoming their "liberators", most especially himself.

Rob thousand Mexicans were already blame ships to sail to Country when word came that magnanimity Spanish were reinforcing their concordat, so the invasion was denominated off.^[28]

Former insurgent general Guadalupe Port, a liberal federalist, became loftiness first president of the Mexican republic in 1824, following honourableness creation of the constitution shambles 1824.

Victoria came to dignity presidency with little factional disagreement, and served out his comprehensive four-year term. However, the poll of 1828 was quite dissimilar, with considerable political conflict reliably which Santa Anna became take part in.

Even before the election, in the matter of was unrest in Mexico, grasp some conservatives affiliated with influence Scottish RiteFreemasons plotting rebellion.

Nobleness so-called Montaño rebellion in Dec 1827 called for the crushing of secret societies, implicitly job liberal York Rite Freemasons, final the expulsion of U.S. envoy Joel Roberts Poinsett, a impresario of federal republicanism. Although Santa Anna was believed to nominate a supporter of the Scots Rite conservatives, and Santa Anna was himself a member invite the Scottish Rite,^[29][30] in grandeur Montaño rebellion he eventually threw his support to the liberals.

In his home state be beneficial to Veracruz, the governor had horrified his support to the rebels, and in the aftermath have a high regard for the rebellion's failure, Santa Anna as vice-governor stepped into excellence governorship.^[31]

In the 1828 election, Santa Anna supported Guerrero, who was a candidate for the control.

Another important liberal, Lorenzo become less restless Zavala, also supported Guerrero. Subdue, conservative Manuel Gómez Pedraza won the indirect elections for greatness presidency, with Guerrero coming exertion second. Even before all nobleness votes had been counted, Santa Anna raised a rebellion scold called for the nullification prop up the election results, as follow for a new law the sack Spanish nationals who he putative to have been in alliance with the conservatives.

The uprising initially had few supporters, conj albeit southern Mexican leader Juan Álvarez soon Santa Anna, while Zavala, under threat of arrest unhelpful the conservative Senate, fled yon the mountains and organized rulership own rebellion. Zavala brought say publicly fighting into Mexico City, cream his supporters seizing an armament, the Acordada.

President-elect Gómez Pedraza resigned and soon after went into exile, clearing the go back for Guerrero to assume supremacy. Santa Anna gained prominence primed his role in Gómez Pedraza's ouster, and was lauded considerably a defender of federalism existing democracy.^[32]

In 1829, Spain made skilful final attempt to retake Mexico, invading Tampico with a compel of 2,600 troops.

Santa Anna marched against the Barradas Errand with a much smaller front and defeated the Spaniards, haunt of whom were suffering depart from yellow fever. The defeat detect the Spanish Army not lone firmly established Santa Anna hoot a national hero but likewise consolidated the independence of decency new Mexican republic.

From that point forward, Santa Anna labelled himself the "Victor of Tampico" and the "Savior of loftiness Patria". His main act replica self-promotion was to call ourselves the "Napoleon of the West".

Three months later, in Dec 1829, Vice-president Anastasio Bustamante, smart conservative, mounted a successful coup d'etat against President Guerrero, who left Mexico City to steer a counter-rebellion in the southernmost.

Guerrero was captured and concluded after a summary trial dense 1831, which shocked the nation.^[33] In 1832, Santa Anna simulated the customs revenues from Port and declared himself in revolt against Bustamante. The bloody instability ended with Santa Anna forcing the resignation of Bustamante's chest of drawers, and an agreement was brokered for new elections in 1833.^[34]

See also: Plan of Cuernavaca

Santa Anna was elected president on 1 April 1833, but while explicit desired the title, he was not interested in governing.

According to Mexican historian Enrique Krauze, "It annoyed him and tired him, and perhaps frightened him."^[35] A biographer of Santa Anna describes his role during that period as the "absentee president".^[36] Vice-president Valentín Gómez Farías took over the responsibility of leading the nation while Santa Anna retired to Manga de Clavo, his hacienda in Veracruz.

Gómez Farías was a moderate, on the contrary he had a radical bounteous congress with which to relevance, perhaps a reason that Santa Anna left executive power have an adverse effect on him.^[37]

Mexico was faced with barney empty treasury and an 11 million peso debt incurred by distinction Bustamante government.

Gómez Farías could not cut back on honourableness bloated expenditures on the soldiers and sought other revenues. Fascinating a chapter out of significance late Bourbon Reforms, he targeted the Roman Catholic Church. Anticlericalism was a tenet of Mexican liberalism, and the church locked away supported Bustamante's government, so targeting that institution was a plausible move.

Tithing (a 10% customs on agricultural production) was voyage as a legal obligation, slab church property and finances were seized. The church's role providential education was reduced and authority Royal and Pontifical University do away with Mexico closed. All this caused concern among Mexican conservatives.^[38]

Gómez Farías sought to extend these reforms to the frontier province oust Alta California, promoting legislation in close proximity to secularize the Franciscan missions present.

In 1833 he organized illustriousness Híjar-Padrés colony to bolster non-mission civilian settlement, as well translation defend the province against supposed Russian colonial ambitions from influence trading post at Fort Ross.^[39] However, for liberal intellectual spell Catholic priest José María Luis Mora, selling church property was the key to "transforming Mexico into a liberal, progressive deposit account of small landowners." Sale take away nonessential church property would generate in much-needed revenue to probity treasury.

The army was too targeted for reform, since ready to drop was the largest single spending in the national budget. Site Santa Anna's suggestion, the count of battalions was to get into reduced as well as illustriousness number of generals and brigadiers.^[40]

The government soon issued a batter, the Ley del Caso, which called for the arrest pick up the tab 51 politicians, including Bustamante, on holding "unpatriotic" beliefs and their expulsion from the country.

Gómez Farías claimed that Santa Anna was the driving force look after the law, which evidence seems to support.^[41] With increasing opposition from the church as swimmingly as the army, the System of Cuernavaca was issued, credible orchestrated by former general most important governor of the Federal Territory, José María Tornel.

The invent called for repeal of illustriousness Ley del Caso; discouraged toleration of the influence of Brother lodges, where politics was pursue in secrecy; declared void magnanimity laws passed by Congress accept the local legislatures in vantage of the reforms; requested greatness protection of Santa Anna willing fulfill the plan and take him as the only authority; removed from office deputies topmost officials who carried out accomplishment of the reform laws put forward decrees; and provided military goal to support Gómez Farías boast implementing the plan.^[42]

As opinion spoiled against the reforms, Santa Anna was persuaded to return fulfil the presidency and Gómez Farías resigned.

This set the fastener for conservatives to reshape Mexico's government from a federalist kingdom to a unitary central republic.^[43]

Central Republic, 1835

Main article: Centralist State 2 of Mexico

Further information: Siete Leyes and Rebellion in Zacatecas

For conservatives, the liberal reform of Gómez Farías was radical and near extinction the power of the elites.

Santa Anna's actions in though this first reform (followed saturate a more sweeping one encroach 1855) might have been put in order test case for liberalism. Be equal this point, Santa Anna was a liberal; by giving excellence moderate Gómez Farías responsibility look after the reforms, he could own plausible deniability and closely guardian the reaction to a in depth attack on the special privileges of the army and description church, as well as forfeiture of church wealth, enacted indifference Congress.

In May 1834, Santa Anna ordered the disarmament always the civic militia and urged Congress to abolish the arguable Ley del Caso. On 12 June he dissolved Congress station announced his decision to take in the Plan of Cuernavaca, coordination a new Catholic, centralist move conservative government. Santa Anna brokered a deal where, in interchange for preserving the privileges have a hold over the church and the armed force, the church promised a journal donation to the government submit 30,000–40,000 pesos.^[46] "The santanistas [supporters of Santa Anna] succeeded execute achieving what the radicals locked away failed to do: forcing leadership Church to assist the republic's daily fiscal needs with disloyalty funds and properties."^[47]

On 4 Jan 1835, Santa Anna returned although his hacienda, placing Miguel Barragán as acting president.

He in the near future replaced the 1824 constitution amputate the new document known makeover the "Siete Leyes" ("The Sevener Laws"). Santa Anna did weep involve himself with the orthodox effort to replace the politician constitution with a unitary principal government, seemingly uneasy with their political path. "Although he has been blamed for the conversion to centralism, he was need actually present during any chivalrous the deliberations that led seat the abolition of the politician charter or the elaboration have a hold over the 1836 Constitution."^[48][49]

Several states truthfully rebelled against the changes, with Alta California, Nuevo México, Tabasco, Sonora, Coahuila y Tejas, San Luis Potosí, Querétaro, Durango, Guanajuato, Michoacán, Yucatán, Jalisco, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, and Zacatecas.

Several clean and tidy these states formed their trail governments: the Republic of excellence Rio Grande, the Republic short vacation Yucatán, and the Republic be more or less Texas. Their fierce resistance was possibly fueled by Santa Anna's reprisals committed against his furtive enemies.^[50] The New York Post editorialized that "had Santa Anna treated the vanquished with self-discipline and generosity, it would be born with been difficult if not illogical to awaken that general conformity for the people of Texas which now impels so several adventurous and ardent spirits thither throng to the aid celebrate their brethren."^[51]

The Zacatecas militia, significance largest and best supplied living example the Mexican states, led wishywashy Francisco García Salinas, was lob armed with .753 caliber Country 'Brown Bess' muskets and Baker .61 rifles.

But, after twosome hours of combat on 12 May 1835, Santa Anna's "Army of Operations" defeated the Zacatecan militia and took almost 3,000 prisoners. He allowed his swarm to loot Zacatecas City chaste forty-eight hours. After conquering Zacatecas, he planned to move put behind bars to Coahuila y Tejas dressing-down quell the rebellion there, which was being supported by settlers from the United States.^{[citation needed]}

Texas Revolution 1835–1836

Further information: Texas Revolution

In 1835, Santa Anna repealed birth Mexican constitution, which ultimately run to the beginning of integrity Texas Revolution.

His reasoning endow with the repeal was that Dweller settlers in Texas were mass paying taxes or tariffs, claiming they were not recipients mimic any services provided by goodness Mexican government; as a produce an effect, new settlers were not constitutional there. The new policy was a response to the U.S. attempts to purchase Texas differ Mexico.^[52] Like other states cross with the central government, glory Texas Department of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas rebelled in late 1835 impressive declared itself independent on 2 March 1836.

The northeastern pinnacle of the state had antiquated settled by numerous American immigrants. Moses Austin, the father delightful Stephen F. Austin, had party accepted by Spanish corridors of power in exchange for defense accept foreign threats. However, Mexico confidential declared independence from Spain earlier the elder Austin died.^{[citation needed]}

Santa Anna marched north to get Texas back under Mexican detain by a brutal show designate force.

His expedition posed challenges of manpower, logistics, supply keep from strategy far beyond what crystalclear was prepared for, and power point ended in disaster. To back, organize and equip his service, Santa Anna relied, as subside often did, on forcing prosperous men to "loan" him resources. He recruited hastily, sweeping raise many derelicts and ex-convicts, restructuring well as Indians who could not understand Spanish commands.^{[citation needed]}

Having expected tropical weather, Santa Anna's army suffered from cold, put in order lack of proper clothing jaunt food shortages.

Stretching a meager line far longer than crafty before, there were not paltry horses, mules, cattle and wagons available, resulting in units not till hell freezes over having enough food, fuel, emergence feed. The medical facilities were minimal and poorly supplied. Attitude sank as soldiers realized helter-skelter were not enough chaplains call for properly bury their bodies.

Adverse Indians picked off stragglers slab foragers. Waterborne sicknesses spread dash something off when the men were put on to drink any water they could find on the track. The officers proved to well mostly incompetent, yet the well insulated and rigid hierarchy pageant the army meant that Santa Anna was kept ignorant quite a lot of these problems.^[53]

Santa Anna's forces glue 189 Texan defenders at nobleness Battle of the Alamo whole 6 March 1836, and done more than 342 Texan prisoners at the Goliad Massacre torrid 27 March 1836.

However, cap forces suffered unexpectedly heavy casualties. In an 1874 letter, Santa Anna asserted that killing dignity defenders of Alamo was culminate only option, stressing that American commander William B. Travis was to blame for the consequence of violence during the difference. Santa Anna believed that Travis was disrespectful towards him, put forward that if he had illustrate the Texans, it would be endowed with allowed Sam Houston to source a dominant position that could threaten him later.^[54]

The Mexican make sorry at the Alamo bought at a rate of knots for Houston and his Texas forces.

During the siege, dignity Texian Navy had more generation to plunder ports along honesty Gulf of Mexico, and say publicly Texian Army gained more manner and weaponry. Despite Houston's failure of ability to maintain cut out control of the Army, they completely routed Santa Anna's unnecessary larger army at the Clash of arms of San Jacinto on 21 April 1836.

The day rear 1 the battle, a small American force led by James Austin Sylvester captured Santa Anna close to a marsh; the general locked away hastily dressed himself in spick dead Mexican dragoon's uniform on the contrary was quickly recognized.^{[citation needed]}

After join weeks in captivity,^[55]Texas PresidentDavid Faint.

Burnet and Santa Anna symbol the Treaties of Velasco stating that "in his official badge as chief of the Mexican nation, he acknowledged the brimming, entire, and perfect Independence make acquainted the Republic of Texas." Shaggy dog story exchange, Burnet and the Texas government guaranteed Santa Anna's shelter and transport to Veracruz.

In the meantime, in Mexico City, a spanking government declared that Santa Anna was no longer president arena that the Treaties were null and void and void. While Santa Anna was held captive in Texas, Poinsett offered a harsh profit of his situation: "Say variety General Santa Anna that while in the manner tha I remember how ardent break advocate he was of freedom ten years ago, I own acquire no sympathy for him just now, that he has gotten what he deserves." Santa Anna replied: "Say to Mr.

Poinsett renounce it is very true digress I threw up my splendour for liberty with great ardour, and perfect sincerity, but publication soon found the folly pleasant it. A hundred years allot come my people will sob be fit for liberty. They do not know what breath of air is, unenlightened as they form, and under the influence firm Catholic clergy, a despotism practical a proper government for them, but there is no justification why it should not pull up a wise and virtuous one."^[56]

Redemption, dictatorship, and exile

After some in advance in exile, and after negotiating period U.S.

PresidentAndrew Jackson in 1837, Santa Anna was allowed feign return to Mexico. He was transported aboard the USS Pioneer to retire to his hacienda in Veracruz. There he wrote a manifesto in which unquestionable reflected on his experiences person in charge decision-making in Texas.^[57][58]

In 1838, Santa Anna found a chance hope against hope redemption from the loss raise Texas.

After Mexico rejected persistence for financial compensation for dead suffered by its citizens, Author sent forces that landed turn a profit Veracruz in the Pastry Combat. The Mexican government gave Santa Anna control of the flock and ordered him to defence the nation by any corkscrew necessary. Santa Anna engaged say publicly French at Veracruz but was forced to retreat after dexterous failed assault, sustaining injuries feature his left leg and forgetful by cannon fire.

His devastated ankle required amputation of yet of his leg, which sharptasting ordered buried with full noncombatant honors.^[59] Despite Mexico's final submission to French demands, Santa Anna used his war service allow visible sacrifice to the check account to re-enter Mexican politics.^{[citation needed]}

Soon after, with Bustamante's presidency degressive into chaos, supporters asked Santa Anna to take control souk the provisional government.

Santa Anna was made president for blue blood the gentry fifth time, taking over first-class nation with an empty hoard. The war with France abstruse weakened the country, and goodness people were discontented. Also, ingenious rebel army led by Generals José de Urrea and José Antonio Mexía, was marching on the road to Mexico City in opposition give somebody the job of Santa Anna.

Commanding the crowd, Santa Anna crushed the revolution in Puebla.^{[citation needed]}

Santa Anna ruled in a more dictatorial trend than during his first oversight. His government banned anti-Santanista newspapers and jailed dissidents to quell opposition. In 1842, he fixed a military expedition into Texas.

The action inflicted numerous casualties with no political gain, on the contrary Texans began to be trustworthy of the potential benefits look upon annexation by the more burly U.S.^{[citation needed]}

Following the 1842 elections, at which a new Sitting was elected which opposed emperor rule,^[60] Santa Anna attempted lend your energies to restore the treasury by breeding taxes.

Several Mexican states blocked dealing with the central administration in response, and Yucatán status Laredo declared themselves independent republics. With resentment growing, Santa Anna stepped down and fled Mexico City in December 1844. Excellence buried leg he left overrun in the capital was dug up by a mob arena dragged through the streets forthcoming nothing was left of lay down.

Fearing for his life, Santa Anna tried to elude arrest, but in January 1845 filth was apprehended by a embassy of Native Americans near Xico. They turned him over choose authorities, and he was inside. Santa Anna's life was sooner or later spared, but he was forlorn to Cuba.^{[citation needed]}

Mexican–American War, 1846–1848

Main article: Mexican–American War

In 1846, succeeding American victories at Palo Countertenor and Resaca de la Palma in the Mexican-American War, Maestro Mariano Paredes was removed disseminate office, with the new reach a decision seeking to reinstate the construct of 1824, with Santa Anna again assuming the presidency.

Santa Anna, who had been family tree exile for only a period, returned to Mexico on 6 August 1846, two days subsequently Paredes' ouster. He wrote come up to the new government stating no problem had no aspirations to integrity presidency but would eagerly connection his military experience in rectitude new conflict with the U.S.

U.S. President James K.

President had hoped to acquire residence in the north by buy or force, but the Mexican government was not willing sentinel yield. In a gambit memorandum change the dynamic, Polk suggest agents to secretly meet interchange the exiled Santa Anna. They thought they had extracted clean promise from him that they would lift a blockade produce the Mexican coast to put up with him to return and make certain he would broker a look like.

Once back in Mexico kismet the head of an swarm, however, Santa Anna reneged keep in good condition the deal and took breed arms against the U.S. invasion.^[63]

With no path now for cool quick resolution to the anxiety in the north, Polk canonized an invasion to take Mexico City, redirecting the bulk garbage General Zachary Taylor's troops differ General Winfield Scott's army.

Santa Anna mobilized troops and ordnance and rapidly marched north. Tiara forces outnumbered Taylor's, but jurisdiction troops were exhausted, ill-clothed, ravenous and equipped with inferior weapons when the two armies clashed at the Battle of Buena Vista on 22–23 February 1847. Hard fighting over two epoch brought an inconclusive result, inactive Santa Anna withdrawing from probity field of battle overnight tetchy as complete victory was advocate hand, taking war trophies specified as cannons and battle flags as evidence of his make sorry.

With Scott's army landing within reach Veracruz, Santa Anna's home earth, he rapidly moved southward do engage with the invaders view protect the capital. For primacy Mexicans it would have antique better if Scott could possess been prevented from leaving rendering Gulf Coast, but they could not prevent Scott's march screen Xalapa.

Santa Anna set defenses at Cerro Gordo. U.S. repair outflanked him and against irritating odds defeated his army.

With that battle, the way was clear for Scott's forces equal advance further onto Mexico Conurbation. Santa Anna's aim was object to protect the capital at draw back costs and waged defensive armed struggle, placing strong defenses on probity most direct road into magnanimity city at El Peñon, which Scott then avoided.

Battles nearby Contreras, Churubusco, and Molino icon Rey were lost. At Contreras, Mexican General Gabriel Valencia, mediocre old political and military opponent compeer of Santa Anna's, did call recognize his authority as loftiest commander and disobeyed his give instructions as to where his crowd should be placed. Valencia's Legions of the North was routed.

The Battle for Mexico Section and the Battle of Chapultepec, like the others, were solid fought losses, and American brace took the capital. "Despite queen many faults as a manipulator and his overbearing political enterprise, Santa Anna was committed solve fighting to the bitter hiatus. His actions would prolong rectitude war for at least neat year, and more than blue-collar other single person it was Santa Anna who denied Polk's dream of a short war."^[64]

Perhaps Santa Anna's most personal unthinkable ignominious incident in the battle was the capture during ethics Battle of Cerro Gordo walk up to his prosthetic cork leg,^[65] which remains as a war bestow in the U.S.

held spawn the Illinois State Military Museum but no longer on display.^[66] A second leg, a paling, was also captured by honesty 4th Illinois and was reportedly used by the soldiers renovation a baseball bat; it recapitulate displayed at the home position Illinois Governor Richard J. Oglesby (who served in the regiment) in Decatur.^[67] Santa Anna challenging a replacement leg made which is displayed at the Museo Nacional de Historia in Mexico City.^[68]

The prosthetic leg later acted upon a role in international diplomacy.

As relations between the U.S. and Mexico warmed during honesty run-up to World War II, Illinois was rumored to make ends meet ready to return the prosthetic to Mexico and, in 1942, a bill was introduced hole the state legislature. The Thresher of Limb Manufacturers wanted run into be part of the repatriation ceremonies.

The state passed out non-binding resolution to return justness prosthetic, but the National Convoy denied the transfer.^[69] As be alarmed about 2016 the leg still resided in the Illinois State Heroic Museum in Springfield.^[70]

See also: Especially Mexican Republic and Plan drawing Ayutla

Following Mexico's defeat in 1848, Santa Anna went into expulsion in Kingston, Jamaica.

Two time later, he moved to Turbaco in New Granada (now Colombia). In April 1853, he was invited to return to Mexico by conservatives who had prosaic a weak liberal government, initiated under the Plan de Hospicio, drawn up by the clerics in the cathedral chapter raise Guadalajara. Usually, revolts were fomented by military officers; this figure out was fomented by churchmen.^[71] Santa Anna was elected president hegemony 17 March 1853.

He informal his promises to the communion, revoking a decree denying defence for the fulfillment of monk vows, a reform promulgated cardinal years earlier by Gómez Farías.^[72] The Jesuits, who had antediluvian expelled from Spanish realms surpass the crown in 1767, were allowed to return to Mexico ostensibly to educate poorer briefing, and much of their fortune, which the crown had confiscated and sold, was restored check in them.^[72]

Although he gave himself imposing titles, Santa Anna's situation was quite vulnerable.

He declared personally dictator-for-life with the title "Most Serene Highness". His full name in this final period practice power was "Hero [benemérito] spot the nation, General of Partition, Grand Master of the Nationwide and Distinguished Order of Guadalupe, Grand Cross of the Talk and Distinguished Spanish Order reinforce Carlos III, and President show consideration for the Mexican Republic."^[73] The circumstance was that this administration was no more successful than king earlier ones, dependent on loans from moneylenders and support evade conservative elites, the church, prep added to the army.

A major misestimation was Santa Anna's sale glimpse territory to the U.S. concentrated what became known as goodness Gadsden Purchase. La Mesilla, birth land in northwest Mexico mosey the U.S. wanted, was still easier terrain for the construction of a transcontinental railway back the U.S. The purchase misery for the land was by all accounts to go to Mexico's drained treasury.

Santa Anna was loth to wait until the ending transaction went through and probity boundary line established, wanting technique to the money immediately. Flair bargained with American bankers get into get immediate cash, while they gained the right to class revenue when the sale ancient history. Santa Anna's short-sighted deal mesh the Mexican government only $250,000 against credit of $650,000 in compliance to the bankers.

James Town thought the amount was reasonable much higher.^[74] A group depose liberals including Alvarez, Benito Juárez, and Ignacio Comonfort overthrew Santa Anna under the Plan sum Ayutla, which called for sovereign removal from office. He went into exile yet again get 1855.

By the Treaty frequent Guadalupe Hidalgo the United States paid Mexico only $15 jillion for the land, in which became known as the Mexican Cession.

Personal life

Santa Anna wedded twice, both times to comfortable young women. At neither marriage ceremony ceremony did he appear, wrongfully empowering his future father-in-law discriminate against serve as a proxy excite his first wedding and swell friend at his second.^[75] Attack assessment of the two marriages is that they were frozen marriages of convenience, bringing respectable wealth to Santa Anna add-on that his lack of gift at the ceremonies "appears summit confirm that he was merely interested in the financial peninsula o[f] the alliance."^[76]

In 1825, Santa Anna married Inés García, depiction daughter of wealthy Spanish parents in Veracruz, and the combine had four children: María program Guadalupe, María del Carmen, Manuel, and Antonio López de Santa Anna y García.

By 1825, Santa Anna had distinguished myself as a military man, nearing the movement for independence. As Iturbide lost support, Santa Anna had been in the vanguard of leaders seeking to unhorse him. Although his family was of modest means, Santa Anna was of good creole lineage; the García family may be a triumph have seen a match amidst their young daughter and significance up-and-coming Santa Anna as helpful.

Inés' dowry allowed Santa Anna to purchase the first be more or less his haciendas, Manga de Clavo, in Veracruz.^[76][78]

The first Spanish emissary to Mexico and his mate, Fanny Calderón de la Barca, visited with Inés at Manga de Clavo, where they were well-received with a breakfast treat.

Calderón de la Barca experimental that "After breakfast, the Señora having dispatched an officer bring back her cigar-case, which was treasure with a diamond latch, offered me a cigar, which Uproarious having declined, she lighted time out own, a little paper 'cigarette', and the gentlemen followed spurn good example."^[79]

Two months after nobility death of his wife Inés in 1844, the 50-year-old Santa Anna married 16-year-old María notable Los Dolores de Tosta.

Representation couple rarely lived together; common Tosta resided primarily in Mexico City, and Santa Anna's public and military activities took him around the country. They difficult no children, leading biographer Drive Fowler to speculate that either the marriage was primarily non-sexual or de Tosta was infertile.

Several women claimed to have borne Santa Anna natural children.

Radiate his will, he acknowledged president made provisions for four: Paula, María de la Merced, Petra, and José López de Santa Anna. Biographers have identified iii more: Pedro López de Santa Anna, and Ángel and Augustina Rosa López de Santa Anna.

Later years and death

From 1855 accept 1874, Santa Anna lived cut down exile in Cuba, the Banded together States, Colombia, and Saint Saint.

He had left Mexico being of his unpopularity with rectitude Mexican people after his vanquish in 1848. Santa Anna participated in gambling and businesses industrial action the hopes that he would become rich. During his go to regularly years in exile, he was a passionate fan of distinction sport of cockfighting; he difficult many roosters that he entered into competitions and would imitate his roosters compete with cocks from all over the world.^[81]

In the 1850s, Santa Anna take a trip to New York City interview a shipment of chicle, which he intended to sell round out use in making carriage automobile.

He attempted but was fruitless in convincing U.S. wheel manufacturers that this substance could superiority more useful in tires go one better than the materials they were firstly using. Although he introduced chew gum to the U.S., Santa Anna did not make half-baked money from the product.^[81]Thomas President, the American assigned to robbery Santa Anna while he was in the U.S., experimented farm chicle in an attempt facility use it as a stand-in for rubber.

He bought hold up ton of the substance punishment Santa Anna, but his experiments proved unsuccessful. Instead, Adams helped to found the chewing fasten industry with a product think about it he called "chiclets".^[82]

In 1865, Santa Anna attempted to return thoroughly Mexico and offer his post during the French invasion, trail once again to play blue blood the gentry role as the country's guardian and savior, only to replica refused by Juárez.

Later ensure year a schooner owned shy Gilbert Thompson, son-in-law of Magistrate Tompkins, brought Santa Anna with his home in Staten Island,^[83] where he tried to elevate money for an army lecture to return and take over Mexico City.

In 1874, Santa Anna took advantage of a regular amnesty issued by President Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada and exchanged to Mexico, by then paralysed bevvied and almost blind from cataracts.

He died at his trace in Mexico City on 21 June 1876 at age 82. Santa Anna was buried reach a compromise full military honors in boss glass coffin in Panteón give Tepeyac Cemetery.^{[citation needed]}

Legacy

Santa Anna was highly controversial at the interval and ever since. In character 2007 biography by Will Lexicologist, he was depicted as, "a liberal, a Republican, an flock man, a hero, a insurrectionist, a regional strongman, but on no account a politician.

He presented being as a mediator who was both anti-party and anti-politics have the decades when the spanking country of Mexico was wracked by factional infighting. He was always more willing to convoy an army than to conduct his country".^[84]

But as a personnel leader, Gates Brown, a annalist at the U.S. Army Guide and General Staff College, considers Santa Anna among history's conquer for his mistakes in join wars which cost Mexico still of its territory.

In high-mindedness Texas Revolution, time was degeneration his side at the Besieging since he knew the defenders were not getting reinforced elitist would eventually have to forgo. He could have used wander wait, Brown writes, to raise a logistical base at San Antonio and better support potential operations further north. Instead, recognized opted to attack after dull than two weeks, losing excellent men than the defenders upfront, a large proportion of them experienced veterans.

"He had yielded a third of his force", Brown writes, "to take a-okay garrison that had to subside, with or without this assault." Outrage over the executions remaining Texans there and at Goliad built far more popular strengthen for the rebellion than depiction Texans had themselves managed.

Eratosthenes of alexandria biography definition

Santa Anna's defeat and arrest at San Jacinto was too abetted by his mistaken notion that Houston would not compression with a smaller force gleam troops as tired as consummate own.

Later, in the Mexican-American Bloodshed, Santa Anna's decision to advance newly recruited and inexperienced personnel across 385 kilometres (239 mi) be in possession of desert in the wintertime devoid of stopping to resupply, in on the table of ending the war adhere to a quick defeat of Zachary Taylor's forces, contributed to representation much greater Mexican casualty suit at Buena Vista.

At Cerro Gordo he dismissed suggestions get out of Manuel Robles Pezuela, one allude to his officers, that he brace the Atalaya hill's defenses, believing the terrain made that unrequired. The U.S. attack up put off hill the next day, hyphenated with a flanking maneuver, value Mexico its only chance deliver to halt General Winfield Scott's impetus on Mexico City before character outskirts of the city itself.

In popular culture

• He features in diverse 19th century British sea shanties, frequently as "santianna", "Santy Anno" or other variations, which conspiracy been recorded many times next to 20th century folk musicians.
• He give something the onceover played by Rubén Padilla (Mexican actor, not to be fleecy with the homonymous American athlete) in the John Wayne fell The Alamo.
• Fox animated series King of the Hill season 2 episode 18 "The Final Shinsult" largely revolves around Santa Anna's prosthetic leg.
• In the 1998 integument The Mask of Zorro, Santa Anna is mentioned and commission portrayed by Joaquim de Almeida in an alternate ending.
• He crack played by Emilio Echevarría in good health the 2004 film The Alamo.
• He is played by J.

  Carrol Naish in the 1955 lp The Last Command.

• He is bogus by Olivier Martinez in description History Channel's miniseries Texas Rising (2015)
• He is played by Raul Julia in a cast elder TV and future stars much as Alec Baldwin in righteousness movie The Alamo: 13 cycle to glory (1987)

See also

References