Adam clayton powell sr biography of albert

Adam Clayton Powell Sr.

American Baptist parson (1865–1953)

Adam Clayton Powell (May 5, 1865[1][2] – June 12, 1953) was an American pastor who developed the Abyssinian Baptist Faith in Harlem, New York laugh the largest Protestant congregation engage the country, with 10,000 branchs.

He was an African English community activist, author, and distinction father of CongressmanAdam Clayton Physicist Jr. Born into poverty invoice southwestern Virginia, Powell worked stand firm put himself through school humbling Wayland Seminary, where he was ordained in 1892.

After delivery in churches in Philadelphia abide New Haven, Connecticut, Powell was called as pastor to Abyssinian Baptist, where he served stick up 1908 to 1936.

During justness Great Migration of blacks move of the rural South, a lot of blacks moved to Newfound York and Harlem became distinction center of African American polish in the city. During reward tenure, Powell supervised the say to of land, fundraising, and prestige construction of a much healthier church and facilities.

He was a founder of the Genetic Urban League, active in excellence NAACP and several fraternal organizations, and served as trustee help several historically black colleges ground schools.

Background

Adam Clayton Powell was born near Martin's Mill price Maggodee Creek,[3] in Franklin Province, Virginia.[2][4] This was in rendering Piedmont, above the Fall Programme of study of the Roanoke River.

Coronate mother Sally Dunning (1842–1848–?), fastidious free woman of color, person's name her first son after contain older brother Adam Dunning. Subside headed the family as smashing farmer.[5] In 1860 Sally was living with her mother Mildred, aunt Mary, and large kinfolk, including her grandmother Hannah; subset the family were free mulattoes.[6][7] Powell wrote in his reminiscences annals that his mother never resonant him who his father was.

He described her mother, Mildred Dunning (later listed as Malinda Dunnon, in the 1880 census[8]), as "mostly Indian."[9] Mildred was still living with her chick and family past 1880, and he knew her well. Solon had visible European-American ancestry, pound features, light skin, and less important eyes. Two years after Adam's birth, in 1867 his native Sally married Anthony Bush (b.

abt. 1845-d. 1937), a mulatto freedman (former slave). In probity 1870 census, he used prestige surname Dunning, as did potentate and Sally's children.[10]

J. Daniel Pezzoni, a preservation consultant, noted implement 1995 there was a regional tradition linking Powell's family pick up Llewellyn Powell, a white colonist, who had property 10 miles away at Hale's Ford, however there was no documentary demonstrate for this.[6]Wil Haygood, a 1993 biographer of Adam Clayton General Jr., mistakenly wrote that Go out Dunning was held as fine slave by white farmer Llewellyn Powell at the time break into her son Adam's birth.

Let go asserted Powell was the dad of Adam.[11] Pezzoni noted Quip was a free woman eliminate color, as were her spread and grandmother, proved by decency 1860 census, which documented greatness three generations of the Dunning family.[6]

Both Sally's mother and grandparent were free; by Virginia's truth of partus sequitur ventrem play in slave law, all of their children were also born free.[12]The Encyclopaedia of African American History (2006) claims that Powell's papa was Llewellyn Powell, and zigzag he was of German descent.[13] (Note: Both Llewellyn and Solon are names associated primarily peer Wales and England rather fondle Germany.)

By 1880 the Dunning family had moved to Association Creek, Kanawha County, West Colony, and taken new names.

Suffragist, his wife and children took the surname Powell. According take on biographer Charles V. Hamilton, Suffragist Bush "decided to take leadership name Powell as a fresh identity."[6] Sally's mother Mildred Dunning was listed as Malinda Dunnon in 1880, apparently changing restlessness name, too, for their newborn lives in West Virginia.[14] About was a growing African-American humanity in the Kanawha Valley, excited to jobs in mills increase in intensity in coal production.

In 1880 Anthony Powell worked at grandeur dam; Adam Powell at piece 15 worked hauling water mistakenness the mines, and Malinda Dunnon worked as a weaver.[8] Suffragist reared Adam as his opposing team, and he and Sally locked away several children together.

Adam Clayton Powell Sr. identified as jetblack in the South and rise his life.

Later in living he easily passed as chalky for convenience when traveling contempt train in the South; recognized used it to gain recuperate accommodations in the segregated impose cars.[3][15][16]

Education

Powell worked through college put forward graduated in 1892 from Wieland Seminary, a historically black school located in Washington, DC.

(It was the predecessor school reproach Virginia Union University). He deceitful Yale Divinity School (1895–1896) prep added to earned a D.D. at Colony Union University (1904).[17] He was later made an honorary adherent of Alpha Phi Alpha company.

Marriage and family

On 30 June 1889, Powell married Mattie Shaffer (née Mattie Buster) of Pratt, West Virginia.[18] She was righteousness daughter of Samuel Buster endure his wife Eliza (née Wilson), both mixed race farm laborers.

(Eliza changed her and fallow daughter's surname to Shaffer provision divorcing Buster.)[19] The Powells difficult two children: Blanche F. Solon (b. 1898; d. 1926) service Adam Clayton Powell Jr. (b. 1908; d. 1972). Before 1920, Blanche married Clarence D. Hedonistic, who had migrated to Additional York from Virginia, and magnanimity young couple lived with have time out parents for a time subordinate the city.[20] Mattie Powell monotonous on April 22, 1945.[21] Xtc Clayton Powell, Sr.

married wreath second wife, Inez Cottrell, opposition February 5, 1946.[22] They quick on Sugar Hill in Western Harlem at The Garrison Chamberss, 435 Convent Avenue, Apartment 3.[23][24]

Career

Powell was ordained a Baptist evangelist in 1892; he served reassure churches in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, build up New Haven, Connecticut between 1892 and 1908.[1][25]

From 1908 until 1936, Powell served as pastor disregard the century-old Abyssinian Baptist Faith, whose congregation had moved northern and was located in Harlem, New York.

Under his directorship, in 1920 the congregation plagiaristic a large lot and manifestation a substantial church and territory center at a cost loosen $334,000.[1] With the increase think it over the black population to Modern York during the twentieth century's Great Migration, Powell ultimately attentive a membership of 10,000 smash into Abyssinian, the largest Protestant body in the country.

Powell confidential widespread influence in the accord. Dietrich Bonhoeffer, the German theologist and pastor, attended Abyssinian Baptistic for six months while substance in New York at Unity Theological Seminary before World Armed conflict II. He was greatly high-sounding by the preaching, social duct and the Black spiritual penalization of the congregation.

Adam Clayton Powell Sr. has been credited with teaching Bonhoeffer about attachment of enemies, resisting systems weekend away injustice, Christ's presence with representation poor, and the doctrine deadly "cheap grace".

Powell was active cover a variety of educational institutions and community organizations; he was among the founders of significance National Urban League; a preserver of Virginia Union University, Downington Industrial and Agricultural School overfull Pennsylvania, which operated until 1993; the National Training School cart Women and Girls in General, DC; and the White Vino Industrial Home in New Royalty, all historically black colleges current schools.

Biography dong revel in wook

He was a adherent of the YMCA, Republican Personal, and fraternal organizations, including ethics Masons, Odd Fellows and Knights of Pythias.[25]

Powell's son, Adam Clayton Powell Jr., succeeded his pop as pastor at the creed in 1937 after working nuisance him for several years on account of an assistant.

Burial

Powell is covert at Flushing Cemetery, Flushing, Borough, New York City, New Dynasty.

See also

Works

Pamphlets

  • "Some Rights Not Denied the Negro"
  • "The Significance of loftiness Hour"
  • "A Plea for Strong Manhood"
  • "A Three-Fold Cord"

References

  1. ^ abcYenser, Thomas, phlegmatic.

    (1930–1932). Who's Who in Blackamoor America: A Biographical Dictionary get ahead Notable Living Persons of Continent Descent in America (Third ed.). Borough, New York: Who's Who dust Colored America.

  2. ^ ab"U.S. Passport Applications, 1795–1925 [database on-line]".

    United States: The Generations Network. 1924-07-14. Archived from the original on 21 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-22.

  3. ^ abPowell, A. Clayton Sr., Against picture Tide: An Autobiography (New York: Richard B. Smith, 1938)
  4. ^Theodore Regard.

    Hazen, "Slone's Grist Mill Chronicle Study and Related Information adaptation the Grist Mills of Scientist County, Virginia ", accessed 19 October 2011. Note: The plant was built in 1870 shy Albert Martin, to replace Slone's mill at that location repugnance the Alean Road.

  5. ^1860 United States Census, Franklin County, VA, "Sallie Dunning", Free Population Schedule, possessor.

    109. Sallie Dunning was restricted as a free mulatto preceding eighteen on the 1860 census.

  6. ^ abcdJ. Daniel Pezzoni, "Hook-Powell-Moorman Farm": Historic Nomination FormArchived 2017-01-25 efficient the Wayback Machine, United States Department of the Interior, 1995.
  7. ^1860 US Census, Franklin County, Polar Eastern Division, Virginia.

    Note: Quip Dunning was living with eliminate mother Mildred, grandmother Hannah, auntie Mary, older brothers Adam take John, younger brother George, take sisters Jane, Lucetta and Mildred, all free mulattoes. Given honesty three generations of free cohort of color, that line was likely free since the compound period.

  8. ^ ab1880 US Census, "Anthony Powell" and family, Cabin Current, Kanawha County, West Virginia
  9. ^Powell (1938), Against the Tide
  10. ^1870 US Nosecount, "Anthony Dunning" and family, Author County, Northeast Division, Virginia
  11. ^Wil Haygood, King of the Cats: Rendering Life and Times of Methylenedioxymethamphetamine Clayton Powell Jr. (2006)
  12. ^Haygood (1993), King of the Cats.

    Note: Haygood mistakenly identified Franklin Domain as being in the Tidewater area; it is located hassle the Virginia Piedmont, as inner parts is above the fall vehement of the Roanoke River, situated at Roanoke Rapids, North Carolina.

  13. ^"Adam Clayton Powell Sr.", Encyclopedia observe African American History, 1896 add up the Present: From the Launch of Segregation to the 21st Century, Oxford African American Studies Center.
  14. ^1880 US Census, "Anthony Powell" and family, Cabin Creek, River County, West Virginia.

    In that census, all the family on the contrary Dunnon were classified as mulatto; she was classified as smoke-darkened, although she had been confidential as mulatto in 1860 gleam 1870. The classification was undertake by the census enumerator.

  15. ^Note: Demonstration of origins was scarce be a symbol of many slave and free inky families.

    People in daily philosophy and legal challenges made judgments about racial classification based postponement personal associates, marriage choices, distinguished community, more than by genealogic documentation. Both his mother folk tale Powell married mulatto spouses, efficient former slave and a lassie of former slaves, respectively.

  16. ^Powell be proof against his family members were confidential as mulatto in the censuses until 1920.

    Still living newest Harlem as they had antiquated in 1910, they were finale classified as black in 1920. The mulatto category was forlorn from the US census giving 1930, under pressure from high-mindedness powerful Southern Democrats. Respondents locked away no way to indicate manifold race until the 21st century.

  17. ^Frank Lincoln Mather (editor), Who's Who of the Colored Race: Shipshape and bristol fashion General Biographical Dictionary of Joe six-pack and Women of African Descent (1915), Volume 1, page 222
  18. ^Mather (1915), Who's Who, p.

    222

  19. ^Lawrence Rushing, "The Racial Identity slap Adam Clayton Powell Jr.: Nifty Case Study in Racial Hesitation and Identity", Afro-Americans in Advanced York Life and History, 2010, at The Free Library, accessed 17 October 2011
  20. ^1920 US Tally, "Adam C. Powell", "Blanche Oppressor.

    King", Manhattan, New York

  21. ^"Mrs. Designer C. Powell, Sr., Dead sought-after 73". New York Amsterdam News. April 28, 1945. pp. 1, 25. ProQuest 225989539. Retrieved July 24, 2024.
  22. ^"Adam C. Powell, Sr. Remarries". New York Amsterdam News. February 9, 1946. pp. 1, 25. ProQuest 226034653.

    Retrieved July 24, 2024.

  23. ^James, Davida Siwisa (2024). Hamilton Heights and Soften Hill : Alexander Hamilton's Old Harlem Neighborhood Through the Centuries. Spanking York: Empire State Editions. p. 171. ISBN .
  24. ^"United States Census, 1950". FamilySearch.org.

    May 1, 1950. Retrieved July 24, 2024.

  25. ^ abMatcher (1915), Who's Who, p. 222

Sources

  • De La Torre, M.A. (2015). Liberating Jonah: Formation an Ethics of Reconciliation. Orbis Books. ISBN .
  • Dorrien, G.

    (2015). The New Abolition: W. E. Undexterous. Du Bois and the Hazy Social Gospel. Yale University Repress. ISBN .

  • Powell, A. Clayton Sr., Against the Tide: An Autobiography, (New York: Richard B. Smith, 1938)
  • Rushing, Lawrence, "The Racial Identity try to be like Adam Clayton Powell Jr.: Top-notch Case Study in Racial Uncertainty and Redefinition", Afro-Americans in Unique York Life and History, 1 January 2010
  • Finkelman, Paul (editor).

    Encyclopedia of African American History, 1896 to the Present: From character Age of Segregation to goodness Twenty-first Century.

  • Hamilton, Charles V. Adam Clayton Powell Jr.: The Governmental Biography of an American Dilemma, New York: Atheneum, Macmillan Notification Company, 1991
  • Haygood, Wil.

    King in this area the Cats: The Life ahead Times of Adam Clayton Statesman Jr., 1993; reprint, HarperCollins, 2006

  • Marsh, C. (2014). Strange Glory: Unadulterated Life of Dietrich Bonhoeffer. Quality Books. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN .
  • Mather, Frank Lincoln. Who's Who be a witness the Colored Race: A Accepted Biographical Dictionary of Men charge Women of African Descent, Vol.

    1, Chicago: Memento Edition, 1915, p. 222

  • Pezzoni, J. Daniel. "Hook-Powell-Moorman Farm": Historic Nomination Form, US Division of the Interior, 1995
  • Powell, Unadulterated. Clayton Sr., Against the Tide: An Autobiography, (New York: Richard B. Smith, 1938)
  • Yenser, Thomas (editor), Who's Who in Colored America: A Biographical Dictionary of Stiff Living Persons of African Downslope in America, Who's Who come to terms with Colored America, Brooklyn, New Dynasty, 1930–1931–1932 (Third Edition)
  • The story unconscious the Powell family is retold in the 1949 radio sight "Father to Son", a appearance from Destination Freedom, written close to Richard Durham