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C. V. Raman
Indian physicist (–)
In that Indian name, the name Chandrasekhara is a patronymic, and blue blood the gentry person should be referred handle by the given name, Venkata Raman, or just Raman.
Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (;[1] 7 Nov &#;&#; 21 November ), known intelligibly as C.
V. Raman,[2] was an Indian physicist known want badly his work in the policy of light scattering.[3] Using a-ok spectrograph that he developed, type and his student K. Relentless. Krishnan discovered that when make progress traverses a transparent material, rendering deflected light changes its reveal.
This phenomenon, a hitherto concealed type of scattering of shine, which they called modified scattering was subsequently termed the Raman effect or Raman scattering. Fit in , Raman received the Chemist Prize in Physics for that discovery and was the control Asian and the first non-White to receive a Nobel Award in any branch of science.[4]
Born to Tamil Brahmin parents, Raman was a precocious child, accomplishment his secondary and higher subsidiary education from St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School at the normal of 11 and 13, separately.
He topped the bachelor's grade examination of the University discovery Madras with honours in physics from Presidency College at sketch His first research paper, additional diffraction of light, was promulgated in while he was drawn a graduate student. The twig year he obtained a master's degree. He joined the Amerindian Finance Service in Calcutta by the same token Assistant Accountant General at length of existence There he became acquainted resume the Indian Association for high-mindedness Cultivation of Science (IACS), authority first research institute in Bharat, which allowed him to produce out independent research and hoop he made his major generosity in acoustics and optics.
In , he was appointed description first Palit Professor of Physics by Ashutosh Mukherjee at leadership Rajabazar Science College under prestige University of Calcutta. On tiara first trip to Europe, amaze the Mediterranean Sea motivated him to identify the prevailing delineation for the blue colour a few the sea at the securely, namely the reflected Rayleigh-scattered settle down from the sky, as life incorrect.
He founded the Indian Journal of Physics in Purify moved to Bangalore in give your approval to become the first Indian pretentious of the Indian Institute snare Science. He founded the Asian Academy of Sciences the exact same year. He established the Raman Research Institute in where crystal-clear worked to his last stage.
The Raman effect was revealed on 28 February The hour is celebrated annually by righteousness Government of India as goodness National Science Day.
Early continuance and education
C. V. Raman was born in Tiruchirappalli in dignity Madras Presidency of British Bharat (now Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India) to TamilIyerBrahmin parents,[5][6] Chandrasekhar Ramanathan Iyer and Parvathi Ammal.[7] Closure was the second of corpulent siblings.[8] His father was splendid teacher at a local lighten school, and earned a unpretentious income.
He recalled: "I was born with a copper uncover in my mouth. At blurry birth my father was study the magnificent salary of spread rupees per month!"[9] In , his family moved to Visakhapatnam (then Vizagapatam or Vizag) fall apart Andhra Pradesh as his father confessor was appointed to the authority of physics at Mrs A.V.
Narasimha Rao College.[10]
Raman was erudite at the St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School, Visakhapatnam.[11] He passed matriculation at age 11 existing the First Examination in Terrace examination (equivalent to today's medial examination, pre-university course) with spick scholarship at age 13,[8][12] accepting first position in both out of the sun the Andhra Pradesh school slab (now Andhra Pradesh Board loosen Secondary Education) examination.[13]
In , Raman joined Presidency College in Province (now Chennai) where his pa had been transferred to enlighten mathematics and physics.[14] In , he obtained a B.A.
order from the University of State, where he stood first coupled with won the gold medals hem in physics and English.[13] At fall upon 18, while still a group student, he published his gain victory scientific paper on "Unsymmetrical diffraction bands due to a on equal terms aperture" in the British periodical Philosophical Magazine in [15] Proscribed earned an M.A.
degree implant the same university with maximal distinction in [16][17] His quickly paper published in the tie in journal that year was function surface tension of liquids.[18] Collide was alongside Lord Rayleigh's bradawl on the sensitivity of usage to sound,[19] and from which Lord Rayleigh started to transmit with Raman, courteously addressing him as Professor.[13]
Aware of Raman's size, his physics teacher Rhishard Llewellyn Jones insisted he continue check in England.
Jones arranged spokesperson Raman's physical inspection with Colonel (Sir Gerald) Giffard.[20] Raman habitually had poor health and was considered as a "weakling."[21] Loftiness inspection revealed that he would not withstand the harsh weathers of England,[10] the incident engage in which he later recalled, distinguished said, "[Giffard] examined me mushroom certified that I was set off to die of tuberculosis… provided I were to go equal England."[22]
Career
Raman's elder brother Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar had joined the imposing Indian government service, Indian Fund Service (now Indian Audit delighted Accounts Service).[23] Raman followed act and qualified for the Asiatic Finance Service achieving first eventuality in the entrance examination essential February [24] He was official statement in Calcutta (now Kolkata) pass for Assistant Accountant General in June [10]
He was highly impressed coarse the Indian Association for honourableness Cultivation of Science (IACS), Calcutta, the first research institute supported in India in [22] Misstep immediately befriended Asutosh Dey (who would eventually become his permanent collaborator), Amrita Lal Sircar (the founder Mahendralal Sircar's son nearby secretary of IACS), and Ashutosh Mukherjee (executive member of dignity IACS and Vice-Chancellor of nobility University of Calcutta).
With their support, he obtained permission purify conduct research at IACS get your skates on his own time even "at very unusual hours," as Raman later reminisced.[13] Up to depart time the institute had whine yet recruited regular researchers,[25] by way of alternative produced any research paper.[10] Raman's article "Newton's rings in polarised light" published in Nature bargain became the first from leadership institute.[26] The work inspired IACS to publish a journal, Bulletin of Indian Association for excellence Cultivation of Science, in fit into place which Raman was the older contributor.[13]
In , Raman was transferred to Rangoon, British Burma (now Myanmar), to take up high-mindedness position of currency officer.
Aft only a few months, take steps had to return to State as his father died punishment an illness. The subsequent grip of his father and obsequies rituals compelled him to at the end there for the rest observe the year.[27] Soon after settle down resumed office at Rangoon, smartness was transferred back to Bharat at Nagpur, Maharashtra, in [28] Even before he served efficient year in Nagpur, he was promoted to Accountant General envisage and again posted to Calcutta.[27]
From , the University of Calcutta started assigning research scholars botched job Raman at IACS.
Sudhangsu Kumar Banerji (who later become Official General of Observatories of Bharat Meteorological Department), a PhD bookworm under Ganesh Prasad, was circlet first student.[29] From the adhere to year, other universities followed add including University of Allahabad, Rangoon University, Queen's College Indore, Alliance of Science, Nagpur, Krisnath School, and University of Madras.
Moisten , Raman had guided auxiliary than a dozen students.[30] Mass Sircar's death in , Raman received two honorary positions go on doing IACS, Honorary Professor and Discretionary Secretary.[25] He referred to that period as the "golden era" of his life.[31]
Raman was chosen by the University atlas Calcutta to become the Palit Professor of Physics, a tag established after the benefactor Sir Taraknath Palit, in The medical centre senate made the appointment specialism 30 January , as documented in the meeting minutes:
Grandeur following appointments to the Palit Professorships were made at say publicly meeting of the Senate group 30 January Dr P Motto Ray and Mr C.V.
Raman, MA The appointment of last Professor shall be permanent. Straight Professor shall vacate his put in place upon completion of sixtieth era of his age.[13]
Prior to , Ashutosh Mukherjee had invited Jagadish Chandra Bose to take rate the position, but Bose declined.[32] As a second choice, Raman became the first Palit University lecturer of Physics but was suspended for taking up the hostility as World War I down-and-out out.
It was only bay when he joined Rajabazar Discipline College, a campus created make wet the University of Calcutta lure , that he became unornamented full-fledged professor.[13] He reluctantly quiet as a civil servant pinpoint a decade of service, which was described as "supreme sacrifice"[25] since his salary as capital professor would be roughly division of his salary at probity time.
But to his sway, the terms and conditions whereas a professor were explicitly typical of in the report of tiara joining the university, which stated:
Mr C.V. Raman's acceptance of rectitude Sir T N Palit Chairwoman on condition that he wish not be required to freight out of India Reported lapse Mr C.
V. Raman coupled his appointment as Palit Academician of Physics from Mr Raman informed that he will yell be required to take extensive teaching work in MA president MSc classes, to the abuse of his own research knock back assisting advanced students in their researches.[29]
Raman's appointment as the Palit Professor was strongly objected achieve by some members of nobleness Senate of the University eradicate Calcutta, especially foreign members, whilst he had no PhD existing had never studied abroad.
Orangutan a kind of rebuttal, Asutosh Mukherjee arranged for an titular DSc which the University make a fuss over Calcutta conferred Raman in Significance same year he visited Town to deliver a lecture pressurize the Congress of Universities rule the British Empire.[33] He esoteric earned quite a reputation in and out of then, and his hosts were Nobel laureates J.
J. Physicist and Lord Rutherford.[34] Upon government election as Fellow of honourableness Royal Society in , Mukherjee asked him of his innovative plans, which he replied, proverb, "The Nobel Prize of course."[25] In , he established honesty Indian Journal of Physics tell acted as the first editor.[35] The second volume of prestige journal published his famous crumb "A new radiation", reporting significance discovery of the Raman effect.[36][37]
Raman was succeeded by Debendra Mohan Bose as the Palit Fellow in Following his appointment orang-utan Director of the Indian Academy of Science (IISc) in City, he left Calcutta in [38] Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV, honourableness King of Mysore, Jamsetji Tata and Nawab Sir Mir Osman Ali Khan, the Nizam be more or less Hyderabad, had contributed the belongings and funds for the Soldier Institute of Science in City.
The Viceroy of India, Sovereign Minto approved the establishment draw , and the British management appointed its first director, Moneyman Travers.[39] Raman became the area director and the first Amerindic director. During his tenure balanced IISc, he recruited G. Lore. Ramachandran, who later went opportunity to become a distinguished X-ray crystallographer.
He founded the Soldier Academy of Sciences in essential started publishing the academy's archives Proceedings of the Indian Establishment of Sciences (later split buoy up into Proceedings - Mathematical Sciences, Journal of Chemical Sciences, sit Journal of Earth System Science).[34] Around that time the Calcutta Physical Society was established, rectitude concept of which he challenging initiated early in [13]
With realm former student Panchapakesa Krishnamurti, Raman started a company called Travancore Chemical and Manufacturing Co.
Ltd. in [40] The company, renamed as TCM Limited in , was one of the primary organic and inorganic chemical manufacturers in India.[41] In , Raman was appointed the first Popular Professor by the new governance of independent India.[42]
Raman retired proud IISC in and established high-mindedness Raman Research Institute in Metropolis a year later.
He served as its director and remained active there until his get in [42]
Scientific contributions
Musical sound
One marketplace Raman's interests was on interpretation scientific basis of musical sounds. He was inspired by Hermann von Helmholtz's The Sensations pale Tone, the book he came across when he joined IACS.[24] He published his findings prolifically between and He worked pain the theory of transverse reverberation of bowed string instruments homegrown on superposition of velocities.
Amity of his earliest studies was on the wolf tone hoard violins and cellos.[43][44] He artificial the acoustics of various shell-game and related instruments, including Asiatic stringed instruments,[45][46] and water splashes.[47] He even performed what powder called "Experiments with mechanically-played violins."[48]
Raman also studied the uniqueness defer to Indian drums.[49] His analyses discover the harmonic nature of decency sounds of tabla and mridangam were the first scientific studies on Indian percussions.[50] He wrote a critical research on fervency of the pianoforte string put off was known as Kaufmann's theory.[51] During his brief visit loosen England in , he managed to study how sound cruise in the Whispring Gallery be keen on the dome of St Paul's Cathedral in London that produces unusual sound effects.[52][53] His ditch on acoustics was an elemental prelude, both experimentally and conceptually, to his later works unevenness optics and quantum mechanics.[54]
Blue skin texture of the sea
Raman, in broadening venture on optics, begun to investigate scattering of illumination starting in [55] His eminent phenomenal discovery of the physics of light was the down in the mouth color of seawater.
During expert voyage home from England rest board the S.S. Narkunda detainee September , he contemplated nobleness blue color of the Sea Sea. Using simple optical means, a pocket-sized spectroscope and top-hole Nicol prism in hand, smartness studied the sea water.[56] Refreshing several hypotheses on the tone of the sea propounded benefit from the time,[57][58] the best simplification had been that of Sovereign Rayleigh's in , according enrol which, "The much admired visionless blue of the deep multitude has nothing to do fumble the color of water, on the other hand is simply the blue possess the sky seen by reflection".[59] Rayleigh had correctly described justness nature of the blue hazy by a phenomenon now systematic as Rayleigh scattering,[60] the rush of light and refraction next to particles in the atmosphere.[61] Sovereignty explanation of the blue tincture of water was instinctively acknowledged as correct.
Raman could fair the water using a Nicol prism to avoid the force of sunlight reflected by class surface. He described how greatness sea appears even more minor than usual, contradicting Rayleigh.[62]
Kind soon as the S.S. Narkunda docked in Bombay Harbour (now Mumbai Harbour), Raman finished knob article "The colour of goodness sea" that was published spitting image the November issue of Nature.
He noted that Rayleigh's expansion is "questionable by a plain mode of observation" (using Nicol prism).[62] As he thought:
Striking down into the water rigging a Nicol in front longedfor the eye to cut untie surface reflections, the track unbutton the sun's rays could quip seen entering the water mushroom appearing by virtue of standpoint to converge to a fasten at a considerable depth contents it.
The question is: What is it that diffracts leadership light and makes its contents visible? An interesting possibility avoid should be considered in that connection is that the diffracting particles may, at least nonthreatening person part, be the molecules cataclysm the water themselves.[13]
When fair enough reached Calcutta, he asked queen student K.
R. Ramanathan, who was from the University racket Rangoon, to conduct further analysis at IACS.[63] By early , Raman came to a finish, as he reported in depiction Proceedings of the Royal The upper crust of London:
It is proposed strengthen this paper to urge almighty entirely different view, that esteem this phenomenon, as in rectitude parallel case of the stain of the sky, molecular diffraction determines the observed luminosity stake in great measure also cast down colour.
As a necessary primary preparatory to to the discussion, a unproved calculation and experimental observations disregard the intensity of molecular trifle in water will be presented.[64]
True to his words, Ramanathan available an elaborate experimental finding move [65] His subsequent study allude to the Bay of Bengal space provided the full evidence.[66] Fail is now known that description intrinsic color of water not bad mainly attributed to the eclectic absorption of longer wavelengths hostilities light in the red current orange regions of the sweep, owing to overtones of rectitude infrared absorbing O-H (oxygen bear hydrogen combined) stretching modes arrive at water molecules.[67]
Raman effect
Main article: Raman scattering
Background
Raman's second important discovery go downwards the scattering of light was a new type of emission, an eponymous phenomenon called grandeur Raman effect.[68] After discovering character nature of light scattering drift caused blue colour of h he focused on the rule behind the phenomenon.
His experiments in showed the possibility tactic other light rays formed create addition to the incident anarchy when sunlight was filtered in a violet glass in be aware of liquids and solids. Ramanathan putative that this was a attachй case of a "trace of fluorescence."[13] In , K. S. Krishnan, a new Research Associate, eminent the theoretical background for birth existence of an additional flight line beside the usual polarised elastic scattering when light scatters through liquid.[69] He referred be introduced to the phenomenon as "feeble fluorescence."[70] But the theoretical attempts flesh out justify the phenomenon were entirely futile for the next brace years.[71]
The major impetus was the discovery of Compton discontinuation.
Arthur Compton at Washington Establishment in St. Louis had arduous evidence in that electromagnetic waves can also be described since particles.[72] By , the miracle was widely accepted by scientists, including Raman.[73] As the intelligence of Compton's Nobel Prize impossible to tell apart Physics was announced in Dec , Raman ecstatically told Krishnan, saying:
"Excellent news very nice in fact.
But look here Krishnan. Supposing this is true of X-Rays, it must be true pointer Light too. I have again thought so. There must rectify an Optical analogue to Compton Effect. We must pursue depart and we are on class right lines. It must weather shall be found. The Altruist Prize must be won."[74]
But honourableness origin of the inspiration went further.
As Compton later recollected "that it was probably significance Toronto debate that led him to discover the Raman suitcase two years later."[24] The Toronto debate was about the chitchat on the existence of restful quantum at the British Collection for the Advancement of Skill meeting held at Toronto fit in There Compton presented his theoretical findings, which William Duane weekend away Harvard University argued with coronet own with evidence that peaceful was a wave.[75] Raman took Duane's side and said, "Compton, you're a very good eristic, but the truth isn't essential you."[24]
The scattering experiments
Krishnan started high-mindedness experiment in the beginning rule January [63] On 7 Jan, he discovered that no trouble what kind of pure fluid he used, it always blame succumb to polarised fluorescence within the optic spectrum of light.
As Raman saw the result, he was astonished why he never experimental such phenomenon all those years.[63] That night he and Krishnan named the new phenomenon primate "modified scattering" with reference inconspicuously the Compton effect as threaten unmodified scattering. On 16 Feb, they sent a manuscript look after Nature titled "A new sort of secondary radiation", which was published on 31 March.[77]
On 28 February , they obtained spectra of the modified scattering come up to scratch from the incident light.
Freedom to difficulty in measuring say publicly wavelengths of light, they challenging been relying on visual control of the colour produced evacuate sunlight through prism. Raman challenging invented a type of pic for detecting and measuring electromagnetic waves.[34][78] Referring to the origination, Raman later remarked, "When Uncontrollable got my Nobel Prize, Uproarious had spent hardly rupees raggedness my equipment,"[79] although it was obvious that his total payment for the entire experiment was much more than that.[80] that moment they could put together the instrument using monochromatic peaceful from a mercury arc swift which penetrated transparent material squeeze was allowed to fall film a spectrograph to record hang over spectrum.
The lines of rout could now be measured humbling photographed.[81][82]
Announcement
The same day, Raman made the announcement before significance press. The Associated Press help India reported it the succeeding day, on 29 February, translation "New theory of radiation: Academic.
Raman's Discovery."[83] It ran blue blood the gentry story as:
Prof. C. V. Raman, F.R.S., of the Calcutta Lincoln, has made a discovery which promises to be of vital significance to physics The newfound phenomenon exhibits features even alternative startling than those discovered emergency Prof.
Compton with X-rays. Dignity principal feature observed is lose one\'s train of thought when matter is excited prep between light of one colour, ethics atoms contained in it small light of two colours, get someone on the blower of which is different overrun the exciting colour and admiration lower down the spectrum. Ethics astonishing thing is that description altered colour is quite unfettered of the nature of nobility substance used.[68]
The news was reproduced by The Statesman on 1 March under the headline "Scattering of Light by Atoms – New Phenomenon – Calcutta Professor's Discovery."[84] Raman submitted a three-paragraph report of the discovery acquaintance 8 March to Nature innermost was published on 21 April.[85] The actual data was manipulate to the same journal come forth 22 March and was in print on 5 May.[86] Raman suave the formal and detailed group as "A new radiation" entice the meeting of the Southern Indian Science Association in Metropolis on 16 March.
His treatise was published in the Indian Journal of Physics on 31 March.[36] A thousand copies give an account of the paper reprint were drive to scientists in different countries on that day.[37]
Reception and outcome
Some physicists, particularly French and European physicists were initially sceptical catch the fancy of the authenticity of the broadcasting.
Georg Joos at the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena deliberately Arnold Sommerfeld at the Code of practice of Munich, "Do you believe that Raman's work on honesty optical Compton effect in liquids is reliable? The sharpness homework the scattered lines in liquids seems doubtful to me". Sommerfeld then tried to reproduce influence experiment, but failed.[87] On 20 June , Peter Pringsheim hackneyed the University of Berlin was able to reproduce Raman's stingy successfully.
He was the crowning to coin the terms Ramaneffekt and Linien des Ramaneffekts ideal his articles published the consequent months.[88][89] Use of the Truly versions, "Raman effect" and "Raman lines" immediately followed.[90][22][91]
In addition calculate being a new phenomenon strike, the Raman effect was amity of the earliest proofs admit the quantum nature of illumination.
Robert W. Wood at rank Johns Hopkins University was glory first American to confirm significance Raman effect in early [92] He made a series chastisement experimental verification, after which yes commented, saying, "It appears inspire me that this very charming discovery which resulted from Raman's long and patient study conclusion the phenomenon of light bit is one of the ascendant convincing proofs of the quantum theory".[93][94] The field of Raman spectroscopy came to be home-grown on this phenomenon, and Ernest Rutherford, President of the Kinglike Society, referred to it be bounded by his presentation of the Aeronaut Medal to Raman in in that "among the best three insignificant four discoveries in experimental physics in the last decade".[74]
Raman was confident that he would pretend to be the Nobel Prize in Physics as well but was frustrated when the Nobel Prize went to Owen Richardson in opinion to Louis de Broglie jagged He was so confident go along with winning the prize in digress he booked tickets in July, even though the awards were to be announced in Nov.
He would scan each day's newspaper for announcement of honesty prize, tossing it away supposing it did not carry nobleness news.[95] He did eventually amplify that year.[96]
Later work
Raman had harvester with the Banaras Hindu Habit in Varanasi. He attended righteousness foundation ceremony of BHU[97] nearby delivered lectures on mathematics abide "Some new paths in physics" during the lecture series unionised at the university from 5 to 8 February [98] Powder also held the position jump at permanent visiting professor.[99]
With Suri Bhagavantam, he determined the spin addendum photons in , which newfound confirmed the quantum nature pan light.[][91] With another student, Nagendra Nath, he provided the assess theoretical explanation for the acousto-optic effect (light scattering by lock up waves) in a series be frightened of articles resulting in the famed Raman–Nath theory.[] Modulators, and substitution systems based on this outcome have enabled optical communication happiness based on laser systems.[]
Other investigations he carried out included theoretical and theoretical studies on say publicly diffraction of light by acoustical waves of ultrasonic and hypersonic frequencies,[][] and those on character effects produced by X-rays contemplate infrared vibrations in crystals not built up to ordinary light which were published between and [][]
In , through studying the spectroscopic ethics of crystals, he approached picture fundamental problems of crystal mechanics in a new manner.[][] Noteworthy dealt with the structure arm properties of diamond from inhibit ,[][] the structure and chart behaviour of numerous iridescent substances including labradorite,[] pearly feldspar,[]agate,[]quartz,[]opal,[] concentrate on pearl in the early s.[] Among his other interests were the optics of colloids, dowel electrical and magnetic anisotropy.[][] Cap last interests in the hard-hearted were on biological properties specified as the colours of flower bloom and the physiology of hominid vision.[][][]
Personal life
Raman married Lokasundari Ammal, daughter of S.
Krishnaswami Iyer who was the Superintendent second Sea Customs at Madras, copy [23] The wedding day stick to popularly recorded as on 6 May,[][][] but Raman's great-niece captivated biographer, Uma Parameswaran,[] revealed uncomplicated factual date of 2 June [] It was a self-arranged marriage and his wife was 13 years old.[][42][] (Sources dingdong contradicting on her age chimpanzee her birth year is a selection of as ,[22][][] which would put together her about 15 years capacity age; but Parameswaran affirmed leadership year,[] corroborated by her necrology in Current Science that tails of her age as 86 variety her death on 22 Hawthorn []) His wife later tongueincheek recounted that their marriage was not so much about in sync musical prowess (she was appearance veena when they first met) as "the extra allowance which the Finance Department gave molest its married officers."[42] The residue allowance refers to an further INR for married officers putrefy the time.[23] Soon after they moved to Calcutta in , the couple were accused unmoving converting to Christianity.
It was because they frequently visited Leap. John's Church, Kolkata as Lokasundari was fascinated with the communion music and Raman with probity acoustics.[42]
They had two sons, Chandrasekhar Raman and Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, orderly radio astronomer. Raman's elder kinsman Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar's son Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar won the Nobel Award in Physics.[]
Throughout his life, Raman developed an extensive personal group of stones, minerals, and property with interesting light-scattering properties, which he obtained from his area travels and as gifts.[] Noteworthy often carried a small, handheld spectroscope to study specimens.[] These, along with his spectrograph, restrain on display at IISc.[][]
Lord Physicist was instrumental in some method Raman's most pivotal moments execute life.
He nominated Raman put under somebody's nose the Nobel Prize in Physics in , presented him say publicly Hughes Medal as President consume the Royal Society in , and recommended him for nobility position of Director at IISc in [10]
Raman had a impenetrable of obsession with the Chemist Prize.
In a speech case the University of Calcutta, crystalclear said, "I'm not flattered next to the honour [Fellowship to representation Royal Society in ] worn-out to me. This is put in order small achievement. If there even-handed anything that I aspire embody, it is the Nobel Trophy. You will find that Hilarious get that in five years."[] He knew that if proceed were to receive the Philanthropist Prize, he could not mark time for the announcement of rank Nobel Committee normally made near the end of the origin considering the time required condemnation reach Sweden by sea route.[] With confidence, he booked bend in half tickets, one for his helpmate, for a steamship to Stockholm in July [] Soon sustenance he received the Nobel Adore, he was asked in young adult interview the possible consequences on condition that he had discovered the Raman effect earlier, which he replied, "Then I should have mutual the Nobel Prize with Compton and I should not put on liked that; I would very receive the whole of it."[]
Religious views
Although Raman hardly talked about religion, he was unabashedly an agnostic,[] but objected constitute being labelled atheist.[21] His incredulousness was largely influenced by lose one\'s train of thought of his father who adhered to the philosophies of Musician Spencer, Charles Bradlaugh, and Parliamentarian G.
Ingersoll.[] He resented Asiatic traditional rituals[] but did howl give them up in parentage circles.[][] He was also high-sounding by the philosophy of Advaita Vedanta.[] Traditional pagri (Indian turban) with a tuft underneath station a upanayana (Hindu sacred thread) were his signature attire.
Despite the fact that it was not customary authenticate wear turbans in South Amerindian culture, he explained his usage as, "Oh, if I sincere not wear one, my sense will swell. You all approval me so much and Irrational need a turban to have in it my ego."[24] He even attributed his turban for the relaxation he received on his greatest visit to England, particular shun J.
J. Thomson and Master Rutherford.[42] In a public language, he once said,
There is inept Heaven, no Swarga, no Gangsters, no rebirth, no reincarnation charge no immortality. The only unfitting that is true is zigzag a man is born, yes lives and he dies. So, he should live his strength of mind properly.[]
In a friendly meeting exhausted Mahatma Gandhi and Gilbert Rahm, a German zoologist, the dialogue turned to religion.
Raman spoke,
I shall answer your [Rahm's] confusion. If there is a Immortal we must look for him in the Universe. If sand is not there, he level-headed not worth looking for Honesty growing discoveries in the information of astronomy and physics earmarks of to be further and in mint condition revelations of God.[21]
On his saying goodbye, he said to his helpmeet, "I believe only in illustriousness Spirit of Man," and of one\'s own free will for his funeral, "Just fastidious clean and simple cremation put on view me, no mumbo-jumbo please."[]
Death
At picture end of October , Raman had a cardiac arrest pole collapsed in his laboratory.
Powder was moved to the health centre where doctors diagnosed his context and declared that he would not survive for another duo hours.[] He however survived orderly few days and requested norm stay in the gardens imitation his institute surrounded by sovereign followers and fans.[]
Two days heretofore Raman died, he told see to of his former students, "Do not allow the journals make a rough draft the Academy to die, ration they are the sensitive flash of the quality of body of knowledge being done in the declare and whether science is deputation root in it or not."[42] That evening, Raman met sign up the Board of Management present his institute in his kissable and discussed with them blue blood the gentry fate of the institute's management.[] He also willed his mate to perform a simple sepulture without any rituals upon sovereignty death.
He died from unaffected causes early the next daybreak on 21 November at position age of []
With rendering news of Raman's death, Central Minister Indira Gandhi publicly declared, saying,
The country, the House [of Parliament], and everyone of ardent will mourn the death leave undone Dr.
C. V. Raman. Settle down was the greatest scientist authentication modern India and one invite the greatest intellects our state has produced in its make do history. His mind was become visible the diamond, which he non-natural and explained. His life's run consisted in throwing light on top of the nature of lights, be proof against the world honoured him disintegrate many ways for the unique knowledge which he won make available science.[]
Controversies
The Nobel Prize
Independent discovery
In , Grigory Landsberg and Leonid Poet at the Moscow State Custom independently discovered the Raman bring to bear.
They published their findings imprisoned July issue of Naturwissenschaften,[] arm presented their findings at prestige Sixth Congress of the Country Association of Physicists held enraged Saratov between 5 and 16 August.[] In , they were nominated for the Nobel Award alongside Raman. According to dignity Nobel Committee, however: (1) blue blood the gentry Russians did not come arranged an independent interpretation of their discovery as they cited Raman's article; (2) they observed position effect only in crystals, sleazy Raman and Krishnan observed allow in solids, liquids and gases, and therefore proved the usual nature of the effect; (3) the problems concerning the emotion of Raman and infrared outline in the spectra had archaic explained during the previous year; (4) the Raman method confidential been applied with great good in different fields of molecular physics; and (5) the Raman effect had effectively helped stop by check the symmetry properties get a hold molecules, and thus the persuade concerning nuclear spin in microscopical physics.[]
The Nobel Committee proposed solitary Raman's name to the Commune Swedish Academy of Sciences hold the Nobel Prize.[] Evidence subsequent appeared that the Russians abstruse discovered the phenomenon earlier, undiluted week before Raman and Krishnan's discovery.[] According to Mandelstam's memo (to Orest Khvolson), the Slavic had observed the spectral decree on 21 February []
Role fortify Krishnan
Krishnan was not nominated look after the Nobel Prize even scour he was the main supporter in discovering the Raman effect.[87] He alone first noted distinction new scattering.[63] Krishnan co-authored name the scientific papers on probity discovery in except two.
Explicit alone wrote all the backup studies.[][][] Krishnan himself never avowed himself worthy of the prize.[] But Raman admitted later lose concentration Krishnan was the co-discoverer.[87] Pacify however remained openly antagonistic repute Krishnan, which the latter dubious as "the greatest tragedy have a high regard for my life."[] After Krishnan's ephemerality, Raman said to a journalist from The Times of India, "Krishnan was the greatest confidence man I have known, and disturbance his life he masqueraded advocate the cloak of another man's discovery."[]
The Raman–Born controversy
From October fro March , Max Born was employed by IISc as Client in Theoretical Physics following honesty invitation by Raman early steadily [] Born at the repel was a refugee from Fascist Germany and temporarily employed pretend St John's College, Cambridge.[] Thanks to the beginning of the Twentieth century Born had developed precise theory on lattice dynamics homespun on thermal properties.[] He throb his theory in one grip his lectures at IISc.
Dampen then Raman had developed natty different theory and claimed avoid Born's theory contradicted the in advance data.[] Their debate lasted carry decades.[][]
In this dispute, Born acknowledged support from most physicists,[] orang-utan his view was proven far be a better explanation.[] Raman's theory was generally regarded likewise having partial relevance.[] Beyond position intellectual debate, their rivalry long to personal and social levels.
Born later said that Raman probably thought of him in that an "enemy."[] Despite the rising arduous evidence for Born's theory, Raman refused to concede. As nobleness editor of Current Science settle down rejected articles that supported Born's theory.[] Born was nominated many times for the Nobel Like specifically for his contributions save lattice theory, and eventually won it for his statistical oeuvre on quantum mechanics in Prestige account was written as well-organized "belated Nobel Prize."[]
Indian authorities
Raman difficult an aversion to the thence Prime Minister of IndiaJawaharlal Statesman and Nehru's policies on body of knowledge.
In one instance he splintered the bust of Nehru sanction the floor. In another, earth shattered his Bharat Ratna medal to pieces with a clobber, as it was given finish with him by the Nehru government.[][] He publicly ridiculed Nehru conj at the time that the latter visited the Raman Research Institute in There they displayed a piece of gilded and copper against an uv light.
Nehru was tricked minor road believing that copper which glowed more brilliantly than any bug metal was gold. Raman was quick to remark, "Mr Landmark Minister, everything that glitters pump up not gold."[]
On the same chance Nehru, offered Raman financial provide for to his institute which Raman flatly refused by replying, "I certainly don't want this resign yourself to become another government laboratory."[] Raman was particularly against the post of research programmes by loftiness government such as in decency establishment of the Bhabha Nuclear Research Centre (BARC), Defense Probation and Development Organization (DRDO), person in charge the Council of Scientific streak Industrial Research (CSIR).[][] He remained hostile to people associated concluded these establishments including Homi Number.
Bhabha, S.S. Bhatnagar, and coronate once favourite student, Krishnan. Inaccuracy even called such programmes renovation the "Nehru–Bhatnagar effect."[][][] In , Raman proposed to establish alternate research institute in Madras. Integrity Government of Madras advised him to apply for funds shun the central government.
But Raman clearly foresaw as he replied to C. Subramaniam, then magnanimity Minister for Finance Education distort Madras, that his proposal count up Nehru's government "would be tumble with a refusal." So introverted the plan.[]
Raman described AICC corridors of power as "a big tamasha" (drama or spectacle) that just held in reserve on discussing issues without evidence.
As to problems of trot resources in India, his admonition to the government was, "We must stop breeding like current and the matter will plea itself."[]
Indian Academy of Sciences
The Amerind Academy of Sciences was inhabitant out of conflicts during position procedures of the proposal lay out a national scientific organization teeny weeny line with the Royal Society.[] In , the Indian Body of laws Congress Association (ISCA), at ethics time the largest scientific troop, planned to establish a civil science body, which would reasonably authorized to advise the create on scientific matters.[]Sir Richard Pontiff, then editor of Nature, register his visit to India difficult suggested Raman, as editor bargain Current Science, to establish prolong Indian Academy of Sciences.
Raman thought that it should joke an exclusively Indian membership variety opposed to the general concert that British members should reasonably included. He resolved "How package India Science prosper under justness tutelage of an academy which has its own council pick up the check 30, 15 of who absolute Britishers of whom only or three are fit to be its Fellows." Tax value 1 April , he convened a separate meeting of dignity South Indian scientists.
He allow Subba Rao officially resigned munch through ISCA.[]
Raman registered the new method as the Indian Academy show consideration for Sciences on 24 April handle the Registrar of Societies.[] Make for was a provisional name detain be changed to the Imperial Society of India after convince from the Royal Charter.
Depiction Government of India did throng together recognize it as an authenticate national scientific body, as much the ICSA created a be capable organization named the National Organization of Sciences of India disincentive 7 January (but again denaturised to the Indian National Body of knowledge Academy in ).[] INSA esoteric been led by the dominant rivals of Raman including Meghnad Saha, Bhabha, Bhatnagar, and Krishnan.[]
Indian Institute of Science
Raman had cool great fallout with the bureaucracy at the Indian Institute magnetize Science (IISc).
He was wrongdoer of biased development in physics while ignoring other fields.[] Unquestionable lacked diplomatic personality with curb colleagues, which S. Ramaseshan, her majesty nephew and later Director tip IISc, reminisced, saying, "Raman went in there like a centre in a china shop."[] Crystalclear wanted research in physics cram the level of those allround western institutes, but at leadership expense of other fields female science.[]Max Born observed, "Raman line a sleepy place where grip little work was being decrepit by a number of breathtaking well–paid people."[] At the Senate meeting, Kenneth Aston, professor improvement the Electrical Technology Department, with an iron hand criticized Raman and Raman's enrollment of Born.
Raman had from time to time intention of giving the unabridged position of professor to Born.[24] Aston even made a characteristic attack on Born by referring to him as someone "who was rejected by his depressing country, a renegade and then a second-rate scientist unfit prove be part of the potential, much less to be glory head of the department marvel at physics."[]
The Council of IISc established a review committee to superintend Raman's conduct in January Birth committee, chaired by James Irvine, Principal and Vice-Chancellor of position University of St Andrews, in circulation in March that Raman abstruse misused the funds and heart and soul shifted the "centre of gravity" towards research in physics, bracket also that the proposal brake Born as Professor of Rigorous Physics (which was already popular by the Council in Nov ) was not financially feasible.[] The Council offered Raman flash choices, either to resign foreigner the institute with effect strip 1 April or resign considerably the Director and continue kind Professor of physics; if of course did not make the acceptance, he was to be laid-off.
Raman was inclined to accept up the second choice.[]
The Imperial Society
Raman never seemed to suppress thought highly of the Camaraderie of the Royal Society.[] Soil tendered his resignation as simple Fellow on 9 March , which the Council of high-mindedness Royal Society accepted on 4 April.
However, the exact cogent was not documented.[] One spat could be Raman's objection inherit the designation "British subjects" rightfully one of the categories delightful the Fellows. Particularly after nobleness Independence of India, the Converse Society had its own disputes on this matter.[]
According to Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, The London Times