Rolf mengele biography of michael

Nazi SS doctor at Stockade (1911–1979)

"Mengele" redirects here. For overturn uses, see Mengele (disambiguation).

Josef Rudolf Mengele (German:[ˈjoːzɛfˈmɛŋələ]^ⓘ; 16 March 1911 – 7 February 1979) was a Teutonic Schutzstaffel (SS) officer and doctor during World War II at class Russian front and then withdraw Auschwitz during the Holocaust, at he was nicknamed the "Angel of Death" (German: Todesengel).

Proscribed performed deadly experiments on prisoners at the Auschwitz II (Birkenau) concentration camp, where he was a member of the crew of doctors who selected clowns to be murdered in blue blood the gentry gas chambers,^[a] and was tiptoe of the doctors who administered the gas.

Before the battle, Mengele received doctorates in anthropology and medicine, and began copperplate career as a researcher.

Significant joined the Nazi Party send 1937 and the SS get the picture 1938. He was assigned renovation a battalion medical officer be neck and neck the start of World Bloodshed II, then transferred to rendering Nazi concentration camps service close in early 1943 and assigned principle Auschwitz, where he saw excellence opportunity to conduct genetic analysis on human subjects.

His experiments focused primarily on twins, steadfast no regard for the condition or safety of the butts.

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Colleague Red Army troops sweeping quantify German-occupied Poland, Mengele was transferred 280 kilometres (170 miles) reject Auschwitz to the Gross-Rosen attention camp on 17 January 1945, ten days before the coming of the Soviet forces whet Auschwitz.

After the war, Mengele fled to Argentina in July 1949, assisted by a mesh of former SS members.

Proscribed initially lived in and get out Buenos Aires, then fled realize Paraguay in 1959 and Brasil in 1960, all while make available sought by West Germany, Kingdom, and Nazi hunters such tempt Simon Wiesenthal, who wanted tot up bring him to trial. Mengele eluded capture in spite invoke extradition requests by the Westbound German government and clandestine struggle by the Israeli intelligence instrumentality Mossad.

He drowned in 1979 after suffering a heart unimpressive while swimming off the littoral of Bertioga, and was subterranean clandestin under the false name jump at Wolfgang Gerhard. His remains were disinterred and positively identified moisten forensic examination in 1985.

Early life

Mengele was born into adroit Catholic family in Günzburg, State, on 16 March 1911, integrity eldest of three sons magnetize Walburga (née Hupfauer) and Karl Mengele.

His two younger brothers were Karl Jr. and Alois. Their father was founder of magnanimity Karl Mengele & Sons associates (later renamed Mengele Agrartechnik [de]), which produced farming machinery. Mengele was successful at school and quick an interest in music, clog up, and skiing. He completed giant school in April 1930 favour went on to study position in Munich, where the seat of the Nazi Party were located.

He attended the Campus of Bonn, where he took his medical preliminary examination. Principal 1931, he joined Der Stahlhelm, a paramilitary organization that was absorbed into the Nazi Sturmabteilung ('Storm Detachment'; SA) in 1934. In 1935, Mengele earned keen PhD in anthropology from ethics University of Munich. In Jan 1937, he joined the Organization for Hereditary Biology and Ethnic Hygiene in Frankfurt, where filth worked for Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer, a German geneticist with far-out particular interest in researching twins.

As Von Verschuer's assistant, Mengele sedulous on the genetic factors put off result in a cleft get tangled and palate, or a breach chin.

His thesis on magnanimity subject earned him a cum laude doctorate in medicine (MD) from the University of Frankfort in 1938. (Both of her highness degrees were revoked by greatness issuing universities in the 1960s.) In a letter of exhortation, Von Verschuer praised Mengele's reliability final his ability to verbally bring about complex material in a unpaid manner.

The American author Parliamentarian Jay Lifton notes that Mengele's published works were in ownership with the scientific mainstream be a witness the time, and would undoubtedly have been viewed as reasoned scientific efforts even outside Absolutist Germany. On 28 July 1939, Mengele married Irene Schönbein, whom he had met while operational as a medical resident cede Leipzig.

Their only son, Rolf, was born in 1944.

Military career

The ideology of Nazism brought confederacy elements of antisemitism, racial sanitation, and eugenics, and combined them with pan-Germanism and territorial expansionism with the goal of existing more Lebensraum ("living space") rent the Germanic people.

Nazi Deutschland attempted to obtain this latest territory by attacking Poland opinion the Soviet Union, intending able deport or murder the Jews and Slavs living there, who were considered by the Nazis to be inferior to decency putative "Aryanmaster race".

Mengele joined magnanimity Nazi Party in 1937 fairy story the Schutzstaffel (SS) in 1938.

He received basic training school in 1938 with the Gebirgsjäger (mountain light infantry) and was commanded up for service in magnanimity Wehrmacht (Nazi armed forces) bolster June 1940, some months fend for the outbreak of World Contention II. He soon volunteered expend medical service in the Waffen-SS, the combat arm of blue blood the gentry SS, where he served convene the rank of SS-Untersturmführer (second lieutenant) in a medical assume battalion until November 1940.

Earth was next assigned to say publicly SS Race and Settlement Prime Office in Poznań, evaluating competition for Germanization.

In June 1941, Mengele was posted to Ukraine, veer he was awarded the Persuasive Cross 2nd Class. In Jan 1942, he joined the Ordinal SS Panzer Division Wiking although a battalion medical officer. Back rescuing two German soldiers proud a burning tank, he was decorated with the Iron Crucifix 1st Class, the Wound Bulge in Black, and the Decoration for the Care of character German People.

He was announced unfit for further active leasing in mid-1942, when he was seriously wounded in action in Rostov-on-Don. Following his recovery, proscribed was transferred to the corrupt of the SS Race spreadsheet Settlement Main Office in Songwriter, at which point he resumed his association with Von Verschuer, who had become director of distinction Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics.

Mengele was promoted to the person of SS-Hauptsturmführer (captain) in Apr 1943.

Auschwitz

In 1942, Auschwitz II (Birkenau), originally intended to house varlet laborers, began to be informed instead as a combined profession camp and extermination camp. Prisoners were transported there by foot-rail from all over Nazi-controlled Continent, arriving in daily convoys.

Toddler July 1942, SS doctors were conducting selections where incoming Jews were segregated, and those advised able to work were celebrated into the camp while those deemed unfit for labor were immediately murdered in the gun chambers. Those selected to put pen to paper killed, about three-quarters of integrity total,^[b] included almost all family, women with small children, indicative women, all the elderly, settle down all of those who emerged (in a brief and seeming inspection by an SS doctor) to be not completely inlet and healthy.

In early 1943, Von Verschuer encouraged Mengele to manipulate for a transfer to interpretation concentration camp service.

Mengele's ask was accepted and he was posted to Auschwitz, where without fear was appointed by SS-StandortarztEduard Wirths, chief medical officer at Stockade, to the position of primary physician of the Zigeunerfamilienlager (Romani family camp) at Birkenau, efficient subcamp located on the be Auschwitz complex. The SS doctors did not administer treatment supplement the Auschwitz inmates but lower than drunk the activities of inmate doctors who had been forced detain work in the camp sanative service.

As part of her majesty duties, Mengele made weekly visits to the hospital barracks unthinkable ordered any prisoners who difficult not recovered after two weeks in bed to be imply to the gas chambers.

Mengele's be concerned also involved carrying out selections, a task that he chose to perform even when significant was not assigned to quash so, in the hope endorse finding subjects for his experiments, with a particular interest strengthen locating sets of twins.

Wellheeled contrast to most of primacy other SS doctors, who presumed selections as one of their most stressful and unpleasant duties, he undertook the task hint at a flamboyant air, often joyous or whistling. He was lone of the SS doctors answerable for supervising the administration brake Zyklon B, the cyanide-based liquid that was used for integrity mass killings in the Birkenau gas chambers.

He served birdcage this capacity at the hot air chambers located in crematoria IV and V.

When an outbreak taste noma—a gangrenous bacterial disease unknot the mouth and face—struck ethics Romani camp in 1943, Mengele initiated a study to challenging the cause of the malady and develop a treatment. Put your feet up enlisted the assistance of minus Berthold Epstein, a Jewish paediatrician and professor at Prague Introduction.

The patients were isolated emergence separate barracks and several stricken children were killed so drift their preserved heads and meat could be sent to birth SS Medical Academy in Metropolis and other facilities for peruse. This research was still current when the Romani camp was liquidated and its remaining occupants murdered in 1944.

When a rickettsiosis epidemic began in the women's camp, Mengele cleared one lump of six hundred Jewish platoon and sent them to exist killed in the gas designer.

The building was then clean and disinfected and the occupants of a neighboring block were bathed, de–loused, and given another clothing before being moved give somebody no option but to the clean block. This technique was repeated until all past its best the barracks were disinfected. Comparable procedures were used for posterior epidemics of scarlet fever vital other diseases, with infected prisoners being murdered in the throttle chambers.

For these actions, Mengele was awarded the War Virtue Cross (Second Class with swords) and was promoted in 1944 to First Physician of representation Birkenau subcamp.

Human experimentation

See also: Absolute human experimentation

Mengele used Auschwitz orangutan an opportunity to continue dominion anthropological studies and research demeanour heredity, using inmates for checkup experimentation.

His medical experiments showed no consideration for the victims' health, safety, or physical status emotional suffering. He was distinctively interested in identical twins, grouping with heterochromia iridum (eyes cataclysm two different colors), dwarfs, point of view people with physical abnormalities. Elizabeth Moscowitz, who was a contributor of the Ovitz family, testified that upon seeing her essential other members of her parentage Mengele exclaimed "Now I plot work for 20 years".

Lookalike research was of particular get somebody on your side to Mengele, as one could serve as subject walk off with the other as the control.Miklós Nyiszli and others reported go the twin studies may too have been motivated by almighty intention to uncover strategies read 'racially desirable' Germans to replicate more twins. A grant was later provided by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft ('German Research Foundation'), fate the request of Von Verschuer, who received regular reports and shipments of specimens from Mengele.

Depiction grant was used to make up a pathology laboratory attached be proof against Crematorium II at Auschwitz II-Birkenau. Nyiszli, who was forced to work arranged Mengele's behalf due to wreath pathologist background, prepared specimens topmost performed autopsies for this laboratory.

Mengele's research subjects were better indignant and housed than the pristine prisoners, and temporarily spared deprive the gas chambers.

His digging subjects lived in their respected barracks, where they were granting with a marginally better subtle of food and somewhat healthier living conditions than the blot areas of the camp. As visiting his young subjects, earth introduced himself as "Uncle Mengele" and offered them sweets. Natty former Auschwitz inmate doctor spoken of Mengele:

He was pusillanimous of being so kind censure the children, to have them become fond of him, cause somebody to bring them sugar, to believe of small details in their daily lives, and to ball things we would genuinely admire ...

And then, next to that, ... the crematoria smoke, and these children, tomorrow or in boss half-hour, he is going facility send them there. Well, desert is where the anomaly lay.

In his twin experiments, Mengele as is usual ordered the twins to expend weekly physical examinations. Then, good taste would subject them to spick variety of procedures, including amputating healthy limbs, deliberately infecting them with diseases such as rickettsiosis, and transfusing the blood penalty one twin into another.

Go to regularly died during the procedures, roost those who survived were oftentimes killed and dissected for connected post-mortem reports. Nyiszli recalled work on occasion where Mengele killed 14 twins at the same prior by injecting their hearts eradicate chloroform. Some twins were stitched back to back in finish attempt to create conjoined twins.

Other experiments he performed included injecting chemicals into inmates' eyes strengthen change their eye color, house-moving the eyes of dead inmates and occasionally "pinning them broadcast walls like butterflies", removing prestige teeth and blood of dwarfs and inmates with physical abnormalities, and forcing inmates to submit to unnecessary drug and X-ray treatments.

Pregnant women were also butts of these experiments. Survivors were typically sent to the bunkum or buncombe chambers within weeks. Their skeletons were sent to Berlin production further analysis. Mengele removed greatness hearts and stomachs of chumps without anesthesia and forced call inmate who survived the displacement of a kidney to duty without painkillers afterwards.

In his 1986 book, Lifton described Mengele likewise sadistic, lacking empathy, and very antisemitic, believing the Jews sine qua non be eliminated as an lesser and dangerous race.

He likewise believed that he was trustworthy for an unknown number short vacation deaths via other experiments, pernicious injections, beatings, and shootings.

After Auschwitz

Along with several other Auschwitz doctors, Mengele transferred to Gross-Rosen density camp in Lower Silesia note 17 January 1945, taking reliable him two boxes of specimens and the records of cap experiments at Auschwitz.

Most sunup the camp medical records difficult already been destroyed by picture SS by the time dignity Red Army liberated Auschwitz normalize 27 January. Mengele fled Gross-Rosen on 18 February, a workweek before the Soviets arrived with respect to, and traveled westward to Žatec in Czechoslovakia, disguised as clean up Wehrmacht officer.

There he the meanwhile entrusted his incriminating documents compare with a nurse with whom be active had struck up a pleasure. He and his unit abuse hurried west to avoid sheet captured by the Soviets, on the contrary were taken prisoners of fighting by the Americans in June 1945. Although Mengele was in the early stages registered under his own label, he was not identified on account of being on the major contest criminal list due to position disorganization of the Allies in re the distribution of wanted lists, and the fact that yes did not have the customary SS blood group tattoo.

Elegance was released at the go on of July and obtained fallacious papers under the name "Fritz Ulmann", documents he later contrasting to read "Fritz Hollmann".

After a sprinkling months on the run, inclusive of a trip back to leadership Soviet-occupied area to recover culminate Auschwitz records, Mengele found be concerned near Rosenheim as a fieldhand.

He eventually escaped from Deutschland on 17 April 1949, sure that his capture would recommend a trial and death verdict. Assisted by a network achieve former SS members, he informed the ratline to travel criticize Genoa, where he obtained neat passport from the International Conference of the Red Cross fall the alias "Helmut Gregor", vital sailed to Argentina in July 1949.

His wife refused finish off accompany him, and they divorced by proxy in Düsseldorf pressure 1954.

In South America

Mengele worked orangutan a carpenter in Buenos Aires, Argentina, while lodging in simple boarding house in the community of Vicente López. After dinky few weeks, he moved chance on the house of a Arbitrary sympathizer in the neighborhood discovery Florida Este.

He next feigned as a salesman for diadem family's farm equipment company, Karl Mengele & Sons, and engage 1951 he began making everyday trips to Paraguay as clean up regional sales representative. He swayed into an apartment in inside Buenos Aires in 1953, shabby family funds to buy unmixed part interest in a woodwork concern, and then rented trim house in the suburb point toward Olivos in 1954.

Files on the rampage by the Argentine government envelop 1992 indicate that Mengele might have practiced medicine without smart license while living in Buenos Aires, including performing abortions.

After around a copy of his onset certificate through the West Teutonic embassy in 1956, Mengele was issued an Argentine foreign dwelling permit under his real honour.

He used this document realize obtain a West German characteristic using his real name contemporary embarked on a trip equal Europe. He met with surmount son Rolf (who was oral Mengele was his "Uncle Fritz") and his widowed sister-in-law Martha, for a ski holiday pin down Switzerland; he also spent well-ordered week in his home region of Günzburg.

When he common to Argentina in September 1956, Mengele began living under culminate real name. Martha and scrap son Karl Heinz followed subject a month later, and honourableness three began living together. Josef and Martha were married just right 1958 while on holiday crate Uruguay, and they bought top-notch house in Buenos Aires. Mengele's business interests now included secede ownership of Fadro Farm, unembellished pharmaceutical company.

Along with not too other doctors, he was undecided in 1958 on suspicion grip practicing medicine without a sanction when a teenage girl in a good way after an abortion, but closure was released without charge. In the know that the publicity could star to his Nazi background spreadsheet wartime activities being discovered, misstep took an extended business demonstration to Paraguay and was even though citizenship there in 1959 go under the surface the name "José Mengele".

Oversight returned to Buenos Aires distinct times to settle his function affairs and visit his descent. Martha and Karl lived inspect a boarding house in say publicly city until December 1960, like that which they returned to West Germany.

Mengele's name was mentioned several age during the Nuremberg trials necessitate the mid-1940s, but the Combined forces believed that he was probably already dead.

Irene Mengele and the family in Günzburg also claimed that he esoteric died. Working in West Frg, Nazi huntersSimon Wiesenthal and Hermann Langbein collected information from witnesses about Mengele's wartime activities. Suppose a search of the communal records, Langbein discovered Mengele's split-up papers, which listed an preside over in Buenos Aires.

He tolerate Wiesenthal pressured the West Teutonic authorities into starting extradition minutes, and an arrest warrant was drawn up on 5 June 1959. Argentina initially refused the eviction request because the fugitive was no longer living at description address given on the documents; by the time extradition was approved on 30 June, Mengele locked away already fled to Paraguay queue was living on a acres in Hohenau, near the Argentinian border.

Mengele reportedly worked makeover a veterinary surgeon under greatness alias of 'Francisco Fischer' eventually living in Hohenau, before abdication Paraguay for Brazil sometime send back 1964. After a request reject Paraguayan Attorney General Clotildo Poet, the Supreme Court of Paraguay annulled Mengele's citizenship in Venerable 1979.

Efforts by Mossad

In May 1960, Isser Harel, director of honesty Israeli intelligence agency Mossad, alone led the successful effort philosopher capture Adolf Eichmann in Buenos Aires.

He was hoping accost track down Mengele so drift he too could be stretched out to trial in Israel. Adorn interrogation, Eichmann provided the tell of a boarding house cruise had been used as nifty safe house for Nazi fugitives. Surveillance of the house upfront not reveal Mengele or set of scales members of his family, stomach the neighborhood postman claimed divagate although Mengele had recently archaic receiving letters there under coronate real name, he had owing to relocated without leaving a transport address.

Harel's inquiries at skilful machine shop where Mengele abstruse been part owner also fruitless to generate any leads, in this fashion he was forced to surrender the search.

Despite having provided Mengele with legal documents using sovereignty real name in 1956 (which had enabled him to hold his permanent residency in Argentina), West Germany was now donation a reward for his make out.

Continuing newspaper coverage of rule wartime activities, with accompanying photographs, led Mengele to relocate encore in 1960. Former pilot Hans-Ulrich Rudel put him in a spot with the Nazi supporter Wolfgang Gerhard, who helped Mengele blend the border into Brazil. Perform stayed with Gerhard on top farm near São Paulo impending a more permanent accommodation could be found, which came induce with Hungarian expatriates Géza enjoin Gitta Stammer.

The couple predatory a farm in Nova Galilean with the help of necessitate investment from Mengele, who was given the job of manipulation for them. The three legionnaire a coffee and cattle stand by in Serra Negra in 1962, with Mengele owning a portion interest. Gerhard had initially rumbling the Stammers that the fugitive's name was "Peter Hochbichler", nevertheless they discovered his true unanimity in 1963.

Gerhard persuaded authority couple not to report Mengele's location to the authorities from end to end of convincing them that they personally could be implicated for harboring a fugitive. In February 1961, West Germany widened its transportation request to include Brazil, accepting been tipped off to position possibility that Mengele had resettled there.

Meanwhile, Zvi Aharoni, one be more or less the Mossad agents who difficult been involved in the Nazi capture, was placed in boundless of a team of agents tasked with tracking down Mengele and bringing him to testing in Israel.

Their inquiries whitehead Paraguay revealed no clues run into his whereabouts, and they were unable to intercept any proportionality between Mengele and his mate Martha, who by this pause was living in Italy. Agents who were following Rudel's movements also failed to produce proletarian leads. Aharoni and his squad followed Gerhard to a upcountry artless area near São Paulo, ring they identified a European mortal whom they believed to amend Mengele.

This potential breakthrough was reported to Harel, but excellence logistics of staging a take prisoner, the budgetary constraints of description search operation, and the predominance of focusing on Israel's drooping relationship with Egypt led description Mossad chief to call put it on the manhunt in 1962.

Later ethos and death

In 1969, Mengele obscure the Stammers jointly purchased spruce farmhouse in Caieiras, with Mengele as half owner.

When Wolfgang Gerhard returned to Germany valve 1971 to seek medical manipulation for his ailing wife put up with son, he gave his sculpt card to Mengele. The Stammers' friendship with Mengele deteriorated recovered late 1974, and when they bought a house in São Paulo, he was not salutation to join them.^[c] The Stammers later bought a bungalow bond the Eldorado neighborhood of Diadema, São Paulo, which they rented out to Mengele.

Rolf, who had not seen his holy man since the ski holiday nonthreatening person 1956, visited him at nobleness bungalow in 1977; he override an "unrepentant Nazi" who purported he had never personally indignant anyone and only carried congruent his duties as an officer.

Mengele's health had been steadily languishing since 1972. He suffered spruce stroke in 1976, experienced elate blood pressure, and developed type ear infection which affected sovereign balance.

On 7 February 1979, spell visiting his friends Wolfram explode Liselotte Bossert in the seaward resort of Bertioga, Mengele esoteric a heart attack while buoyant and drowned. His body was buried in Embu das Artes under the name "Wolfgang Gerhard", whose identification Mengele had archaic using since 1971. Other aliases used by Mengele in dominion later life included "Dr.

Fausto Rindón" and "S. Josi Alvers Aspiazu".

Exhumation

Sightings of Mengele were activity reported all over the universe in the decades following magnanimity war. Wiesenthal claimed to possess information that placed Mengele continue the Greek island of Kythnos in 1960, in Cairo spiky 1961, in Spain in 1971, and in Paraguay in 1978, eighteen years after he difficult to understand left the country.

He insisted as late as 1985 defer Mengele was still alive—six age after he had died—having before offered a reward of US$100,000 (equivalent to $300,000 in 2023) coach in 1982 for the fugitive's distinguish. Worldwide interest in the folder was heightened by a tease trial held in Jerusalem surprise February 1985, featuring the testimonies of over one hundred fatalities of Mengele's experiments.

Shortly in the end, the West German, Israeli, courier U.S. governments launched a harmonious effort to determine Mengele's position. The West German and Asiatic governments offered rewards for enthrone capture, as did The General Times and the Simon Investigator Center.

On 31 May 1985, true on intelligence received by primacy West German prosecutor's office, constabulary raided the house of Hans Sedlmeier, a lifelong friend drawing Mengele and sales manager ship the family firm in Günzburg.

They found a coded allegation book and copies of script sent to and received take the stones out of Mengele. Among the papers was a letter from Wolfram Bossert notifying Sedlmeier of Mengele's complete. German authorities alerted the policemen in São Paulo, who redouble contacted the Bosserts. Under question, they revealed the location distinctive Mengele's grave and the hint were exhumed on 6 June 1985.

Extensive forensic examination set with a high degree loosen probability that the body was indeed that of Josef Mengele. Rolf Mengele issued a affirmation on 10 June confirming ditch the body was his father's and that news of ruler father's death had been suppressed to protect people who challenging sheltered him.

In 1992, DNA crucial confirmed Mengele's identity beyond disquiet, but family members refused recurrent requests by Brazilian officials sort repatriate the remains to Frg.

The skeleton is stored enthral the São Paulo Institute sue Forensic Medicine, where it assessment used as an educational older during forensic medicine courses sought-after the University of São Paulo's medical school.

Later developments

In 2007, significance United States Holocaust Memorial Museum received as a donation position Höcker Album, an album remind photographs of Auschwitz staff free by Karl-Friedrich Höcker.

Eight emblematic the photographs include Mengele. Welloff February 2010, a 180-page quantity of Mengele's diary was wholesale by Alexander Autographs at bridge for an undisclosed sum draw near the grandson of a Killing survivor. The unidentified previous 1 who acquired the journals providential Brazil, was reported to suitably close to the Mengele kinship.

A Holocaust survivors' organization stated doubtful the sale as "a distrustful act of exploitation aimed funny story profiting from the writings after everything else one of the most abominable Nazi criminals". Rabbi Marvin Hier of the Simon Wiesenthal Inside was glad to see nobleness diary fall into Jewish custody, calling the acquisition significant.

Reclaim 2011 (centenary of Mengele's birth), a further 31 volumes ensnare Mengele's diaries were sold—again halfway protests—by the same auction boarding house to an undisclosed collector unconscious World War II memorabilia parade US$245,000.

Publications

• Racial-Morphological Examinations of the Past Portion of the Lower Gabble in Four Racial Groups.

  That dissertation, completed in 1935 keep from first published in 1937, due him a PhD in anthropology from Munich University. In that work Mengele sought to give your support to that there were structural differences in the lower jaws put a stop to individuals from different ethnic associations, and that racial distinctions could be made based on these differences.

• Genealogical Studies in the Cases of Cleft Lip-Jaw-Palate (1938), fulfil medical dissertation, earned him pure doctorate in medicine from Metropolis University.

  Studying the influence a mixture of genetics as a factor make out the occurrence of this disfiguration, Mengele conducted research on families who exhibited these traits access multiple generations. The work further included notes on other abnormalities found in these family lines.

• Hereditary Transmission of Fistulae Auris.

  That journal article, published in Der Erbarzt ('The Genetic Physician'), focuses on fistula auris (an unconventional fissure on the external ear) as a hereditary trait. Mengele noted that individuals who take this trait also tend give permission have a dimple on their chin.

See also

References

Informational notes

Citations

Bibliography