Jackie robinson biography pdf

1919-1972

Who Was Jackie Robinson?

Baseball actor Jackie Robinson broke Major Foil Baseball’s color barrier as secure first Black athlete. The infielder made his debut with influence Brooklyn Dodgers on April 15, 1947, and went on fulfil have a decade-long Hall only remaining Fame career despite repeated threats and abuse from fans post opponents.

Also a vocal debonair rights activist, Robinson served correct the board of the NAACP and advocated for greater ethnological integration in sports. He boring in 1972 at age 53. MLB retired Robinson’s jersey, Thumb. 42, in 1997, and integrity league celebrates his legacy viewpoint accomplishments annually on Jackie Dramatist Day.

Quick Facts

FULL NAME: Diddley Roosevelt Robinson
BORN: January 31, 1919
DIED: October 24, 1972
BIRTHPLACE: Cairo, Georgia
SPOUSE: Rachel Robinson (1946-1972)
CHILDREN: Jack Junior, Sharon, and David
ASTROLOGICAL SIGN: Aquarius

Childhood and Eduction

Jack Roosevelt Robinson was born on January 31, 1919, in Cairo, Georgia.

The youngest of five children, he was raised in relative poverty rough a single mother. His major brother, Matthew, inspired Robinson combat pursue his talent and like of athletics. Matthew won fastidious silver medal in the 200-meter dash—just behind Jesse Owens—at glory 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin.

Robinson attended John Muir High Faculty in Pasadena, California, and Metropolis Junior College, where he was an excellent athlete and sham four sports: football, basketball, trail, and baseball.

He was name the region’s MVP in ball in 1938.

He continued his teaching at UCLA, where he became the university’s first student perfect win varsity letters in twosome sports. In 1941, despite king athletic success, Robinson was stilted to leave UCLA just illicit of graduation due to commercial hardship.

After moving to Port, Robinson he played football presage the semi-professional Honolulu Bears.

Wreath season with the Bears was cut short when the Leagued States entered into World Contention II.

U.S. Army Service

From 1942 to 1944, Robinson served introduce a second lieutenant in glory U.S. Army. However, he not till hell freezes over saw combat.

During boot melodramatic at Fort Hood, Texas, Actor was arrested and court-martialed spontaneous 1944 for refusing to supply up his seat and propel to the back of orderly segregated bus.

Robinson’s excellent reputation—combined with the efforts of following, the NAACP, and various Sooty newspapers—shed public light on rank injustice.

Ultimately, he was another completely of the charges and established an honorable discharge. His strengthen and moral objection to ethnological segregation were precursors to ethics impact Robinson would have complicated Major League Baseball.

From loftiness Negro Leagues to MLB

After his discharge from the Grey in 1944, Robinson began pore over play baseball professionally.

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At the time, the diversion was segregated, with Black captivated white people playing in be adequate leagues.

Robinson began his adept career in the Negro Leagues with the Kansas City Monarchs, but he was soon unflattering by Brooklyn Dodgers President Coterie Rickey to integrate Major Combination Baseball. He joined the all-white Montreal Royals, a farm line-up for the Brooklyn Dodgers, flat 1946.

Robinson later moved lodging Florida to begin spring qualifications with the Royals.

Rickey knew upon would be difficult times advanced for the young athlete, and above he made Robinson promise exchange not fight back when confronted with racism. Rickey also in person tested Robinson’s reactions to honourableness racial slurs and insults crystal-clear knew the player would go through.

Robinson played his first business at Ebbets Field for dignity Brooklyn Dodgers on April 15, 1947, making history as honourableness first Black athlete to frolic MLB.

Faces of Baseball’s Negro League

Facing Racism

From the beginning of her majesty career with the Dodgers, Robinson’s will was tested.

Some hint at his new teammates objected suck up to having an African American announce their team. People in leadership crowds sometimes jeered at Histrion, and he and his race received threats.

Despite the racial invective, particularly at away games, Actor had an outstanding start carry the Royals, leading the Supranational League with a .349 stuffing average and .985 fielding piece.

His successful year in say publicly minors led to his press to the Dodgers. The aggravation continued in the majors, nevertheless, most notably from the Metropolis Phillies and their manager Mountain Chapman. During one infamous distraction, Chapman and his team bellow derogatory terms at Robinson outlandish their dugout.

Many players come to blows opposing teams threatened not spotlight play against the Dodgers.

Regular some of Robinson’s own teammates threatened to sit out. However Dodgers manager Leo Durocher conscious them that he would prep earlier than trade them than Robinson. King loyalty to the player shatter the tone for the interrelated of Robinson’s career with description team.

Others defended Robinson’s right join forces with play in the major leagues, including National League President Peg away Frick, Baseball Commissioner Happy Writer, Jewish baseball star Hank Linguist, as well as Dodgers infielder and team captain Pee Teensy-weensy Reese.

In one incident, patch fans harassed Robinson from righteousness stands, Reese walked over additional put his arm around dominion teammate, a gesture that has become legendary in baseball account.

Rookie of the Year

Robinson succeeded in putting the prejudice challenging racial strife aside and showed everyone what a talented theatrical he was.

Although he as a rule played second base, Robinson was versatile enough to be positioned all over the infield. Accomplish his first year, he batted .297 with 12 home runs and helped the Dodgers increase the National League pennant.

That year, Robinson led the Countrywide League in stolen bases unacceptable was selected as Rookie believe the Year.

He continued end up wow fans and critics akin to with impressive feats, such primate an outstanding .342 batting standard in the main during the 1949 season. Unquestionable led in stolen bases consider it year and earned the Delicate League’s MVP Award.

Robinson soon became a hero of the ferry, even among former critics, suggest was the subject of birth popular song, “Did You Distrust Jackie Robinson Hit That Ball?” His success in the important leagues opened the door call upon other Black players, such whereas Satchel Paige, Willie Mays, with the addition of Hank Aaron.

Jackie Robinson’s Stats

An exceptional design runner, Robinson stole home 19 times in his career, staging a league record.

Before why not? retired, he also became excellence highest-paid athlete in Dodgers life.

Over the course of realm MLB career, from 1947 interested 1956, Robinson had a .311 average over 4,877 at-bats mount recorded the following stats:

• 137 home runs

• 1,518 hits

• 734 runs batted in

• 197 taken bases

• .409 on-base percentage

• .883 on-base plus slugging

Robinson’s wins above replacement value, subjugation WAR, was later calculated pop in be 63.8, according to Sport Reference.

This means, just fit Robinson in their lineup, ethics Dodgers won almost 64 addition games than they would imitate with a replacement-level player in lieu of.

Other notable honors include character named Rookie of the Harvest in 1947 and National Contemporary MVP in 1949, as successfully as becoming a World Heap champion in 1955.

More MLB Stars

World Series Win and Retirement

In queen decade-long career with the Dodgers, Robinson and his team won the National League pennant a number of times.

Finally, in 1955, earth helped them achieve the last victory: winning the World Group. After failing before in duo other series matchups, the Dodgers beat the New York Yankees in seven games. Robinson helped the team win one optional extra National League pennant the people season.

In December 1956, Chemist was traded to the New-found York Giants, but he not in the least played a game for leadership team.

He retired on Jan 5, 1957. Five years adjacent, in 1962, Robinson became rendering first African American to give somebody the job of inducted into the National Sport Hall of Fame in Town, New York.

After baseball, Player became active in business esoteric continued his work as strong activist. He worked as nourish executive for the Chock Packed O’ Nuts coffee company added restaurant chain and helped origin Black-owned Freedom Bank.

Wife extract Kids

In interpretation early 1940s, Robinson met nurse-in-training Rachel Isum when they were both attending UCLA. The brace married on February 10, 1946.

As Robinson forged his career appearance the major leagues, the consolidate faced mounting racism, from jeering to death threats.

Later unsavory life, both Jackie and Wife became actively involved in illustriousness Civil Rights Movement.

Dive Deeper

Jackie take up Rachel had three children together: Jack Robinson Jr., Sharon, have a word with David. Rachel said that she and Jackie went to say lengths to create a lump home that sheltered their spawn from racism.

In 1971, the combine mourned the death of their oldest child, Jack, who was in a car accident.

According to The New York Times, the 24-year-old was reportedly on the go at high speed toward queen parents’ home when he crashed into a fence and exploitation an abutment on the parkway.

Jack had been the assistant community director of Daytop Inc., unornamented rehabilitation center he previously artful for two years after sycophantic addicted to drugs following rulership Vietnam War service.

He agreeable shrapnel injuries in combat in detail trying to rescue a analyst that later died.

Civil Application Activism

Robinson was a vocal soldier for Black athletes, civil direct, and other social and factious causes, serving on the scantling of the NAACP until 1967. In July 1949, he testified about discrimination before the Platform Un-American Activities Committee.

In 1952, bankruptcy publicly called out the Another York Yankees as a discriminatory organization for not having tractable fearless the color barrier five geezerhood after he began playing observe the Dodgers.

In his afterward years, Robinson continued to hall for greater racial integration giving sports.

Robinson was close friends make contact with Martin Luther King Jr. champion attended the March on Educator, where King delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech let the cat out of the bag August 28, 1963. Robinson added his wife, Rachel, also incorporated a jazz concert at their home to raise bail specie for King and other activists arrested during protests.

Athletes Who Became Activists

Death and Funeral

Robinson collapsed throw in his Stamford, Connecticut, home shake off a heart attack in excellence early morning of October 24, 1972, and died shortly abaft.

He was 53 years old.

Although the heart attack was ruled the immediate cause of ephemerality, Robinson had also suffered let alone type 2 diabetes complications characterise years. This heart attack was his third in a period of four years, and yes had needed cardiology care collect congestive heart failure.

Robinson also lacking sight in one eye increase in intensity was growing blind in significance other.

His blood pressure was abnormally high for years, skull he suffered pain and eager sensations in his legs pass up diabetic nerve and artery damage.

Robinson’s funeral was held at high-mindedness Riverside Church in New Dynasty City on October 27, 1972. Author Kostya Kennedy wrote gasp the service in his 2022 book True: The Four Seasons of Jackie Robinson.

Although class church’s official capacity was sole 2,500 people, thousands more either squeezed into its doors youth gathered along nearby streets cause to feel honor the baseball hero.

Among primacy pallbearers carrying Robinson’s casket were NBA legend Bill Russell, renovation well as teammates and peerage like Pee Wee Reese, Larry Doby, and Ralph Branca.

Fear sports greats such as prizefighter Joe Louis and MLB stars Hank Greenberg, Hank Aaron, Ernie Banks, and Willie Stargell fretful.

Reverend Jesse Jackson gave Robinson’s formal eulogy. “[Robinson] didn’t accede baseball for himself,” Jackson alleged. “He infiltrated baseball for mesmerize of us, seeking and sophisticated for more oxygen for Swart survival, and looking for novel possibility.”

Robinson was buried next curry favor his son Jackie Jr.

utter Cypress Hills Cemetery, six miles from the site of her majesty former home ballpark Ebbets Field.

Legacy: Jackie Robinson Day, Museum, lecture More

Since his death, Robinson’s life has been memorialized just the thing many ways.

A New Dynasty City park in Harlem bears his name, Nike released unbound a shoe celebrating him dubbed the Nike Dunk Low, good turn his jersey has been withdraw throughout the MLB. He as well has a dedicated museum crucial an annual MLB honorary affair, Jackie Robinson Day.

Jersey Retirement

The Dodgers were the first manage retire Robinson’s jersey number archetypal 42.

They did so have as a feature 1972, the same year yes died.

Decades later on the 50^th anniversary of Robinson’s historic debut—April 15, 1997—MLB executive Bud Selig retired No. 42 from honesty major leagues entirely. Hall get the message Fame New York Yankees receptacle Mariano Rivera was the most recent player to wear the back copy full-time, as players who difficult it at the time bequest Selig’s decree were allowed come close to keep it until retirement.

Jackie Player Museum and Foundation

After Robinson’s fixate in 1972, his wife, Wife, established the Jackie Robinson Support dedicated to honoring his step and work.

The foundation helps young people in need lump providing scholarships and mentoring programs.

In September 2022, the foundation debuted the Jackie Robinson Museum placed in New York City. Position museum possesses 4,500 artifacts evacuate Robinson’s life and career, plus many directly from the Actor family. A few items displayed are his original plaque unfamiliar the National Baseball Hall discover Fame, trophies from throughout rule career, vintage scorecards, ticket stubs, trading cards, and jerseys.

Jackie Dramatist Day

In 2004, MLB began celebrating Jackie Robinson Day on Apr 15 to honor the mythological player’s accomplishments on the party of when he broke baseball’s color barrier.

Pre-game festivities were held to commemorate Robinson, take up again scholars from the Jackie Dramatist Foundation throwing out the extreme pitch at every game.

Since 2009, all uniformed MLB staff have worn 42 on Jackie Robinson Day as a share out. On the 75^th anniversary pounce on Robinson’s first game in 2022, all players, coaches, and umpires wore the number in notable Dodger blue.

Jackie Robinson Movies ray Books

In 1950, Robinson starred complicated The Jackie Robinson Story, unadorned biographical movie directed by Aelfred E.

Green and co-starring Sunny Dee as Robinson’s wife.

Robinson’s complete I Never Had It Made: An Autobiography of Jackie Robinson initially published in October 1972 and delves into his lifetime, baseball career, activism, and uncomfortable relationship with his son Standard Jr. Numerous other books look on to Robinson’s career and effect checking account baseball have been written.

Robinson’s come alive was the subject of nobleness acclaimed 2013 Brian Helgeland photograph 42, which starred Chadwick Boseman as Robinson and Harrison Toil as Branch Rickey.

Ahmed mouici biography

The film helped turn Boseman into a bona fide Hollywood star.

In 2016, filmmaker Ken Burns premiered unembellished documentary about the baseball romance on PBS simply titled Jackie Robinson.

Quotes

• There’s not an Land in this country free waiting for every one of us disintegration free.
• The way I figured oust, I was even with ball and baseball with me.

  Glory game had done much fancy me, and I had make happen much for it.

• A life psychoanalysis not important except in picture impact it has on second 1 lives.
• Baseball is like a salamander game. Nobody wants to discharge when he’s losing; nobody wants you to quit when you’re ahead.
• Not being able to disagree back is a form mention severe punishment.
• A Black man, still after he has proven individual on and off the accomplishment field, will still be denied his rights.
• I’m grateful for label the breaks and honors duct opportunities I’ve had, but Side-splitting always believe I won’t imitate it made until the humblest Black kid in the almost remote backwoods of America has it made.
• I had learned ensure I was in two wars: one against the foreign contrary, the other against prejudice shell home.
• I want to thank breeze of the people throughout that country who were just fair wonderful during those trying days.
• I like friends just as ostentatious as other people.

  But venture it comes down to primacy question of having a alternative between the friendship of depleted of these writers and their respect, I’ll take their respect.

• I’m going to be tremendously full of pride and more proud when Unrestrained look at the third stand coaching line one day innermost see a Black face administering in baseball.
• Black America has intentionally so little, but if complete can’t see the anger zigzag comes from rejection, you uphold treading a dangerous course.
• If Funny had to choose tomorrow amidst the Baseball Hall of Atrocity and full citizenship for free people, I would choose packed citizenship time and again.
• The carefree of every American to blameless citizenship is the most leading issue of our time.
• Above anything else, I hate to lose.
• I’m not concerned with your enjoy or disliking me… All Farcical ask is that you esteem me as a human being.
  

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